說到網(wǎng)絡(luò)庫就會(huì)想到Google的HttpUrlConnection和Apache的HttpClient。
Google推薦使用HttpUrlConnection,拋棄了HttpClient
HttpClient已在Android6.0被廢棄了(吐槽：明明HttpClient功能更強(qiáng)大啊),
查看為什么拋棄HttpClient,可以看下【Android】Android2.3版本以上谷歌為何推薦使用HttpURLConnection卻棄用 Apache HttpClient
想繼續(xù)使用HttpClient的話，可以參考android6.0SDK 刪除HttpClient的相關(guān)類的解決方法
除了HttpUrlConnection,還有Google推薦的Volley(沒怎么用過),和square的okhttp,還有就是今天介紹的square的retrofit
這個(gè)年頭不會(huì)點(diǎn)
retrofit + rxjava + mvp...的組合拳，都不好意思說是新時(shí)代的Android開發(fā)
為什么我用的組件都是square公司出品的呢？只能說明他們做的太好了。
回到正題
關(guān)于Retrofit的介紹，引用它在github上的一句話
Type-safe HTTP client for Android and Java by Square
用于Android和Java的類型安全的Http框架
現(xiàn)在市面上使用的是retrofit2.0版本,跟以前的1.9版本有部分API不一樣，可以查看Retrofit 1.9 遷移到 Retrofit 2.0,建議使用新的版本
Retrofit是使用RESETful API的。
這里簡(jiǎn)單的介紹下關(guān)于RESETful的架構(gòu)：
（1）每一個(gè)URI代表一種資源；
（2）客戶端和服務(wù)器之間，傳遞這種資源的某種表現(xiàn)層；
（3）客戶端通過四個(gè)HTTP動(dòng)詞（GET用來獲取資源，POST用來新建資源（也可以用于更新資源），PUT用來更新資源，DELETE用來刪除資源），
對(duì)服務(wù)器端資源進(jìn)行操作，實(shí)現(xiàn)"表現(xiàn)層狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化"。
更多關(guān)于RESET API可以看阮一峰的理解RESTful架構(gòu)
Retrofit的git地址：https://github.com/square/retrofit
Retrofit的官方地址：http://square.github.io/retrofit/
使用姿勢(shì)
-
往build.gradle添加依賴，
不需要額外添加okhttp,retrofit內(nèi)部支持// retrofit compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.2.0' // gson轉(zhuǎn)化器 compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.2.0' -
創(chuàng)建接口，聲明API
// 獲取請(qǐng)求API // 請(qǐng)求接口 https://api.github.com public interface GitHub { @GET("/repos/{owner}/{repo}/contributors") Call<List<Contributor>> contributors( @Path("owner") String owner, @Path("repo") String repo); } // 請(qǐng)求對(duì)象類 public static class Contributor { public final String login; public final int contributions; public Contributor(String login, int contributions) { this.login = login; this.contributions = contributions; } } -
方法調(diào)用
public void request() throws IOException { // 1.創(chuàng)建Retrofit對(duì)象，根據(jù)Retrofit模板創(chuàng)建 Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder() // 傳入baseurl地址， .baseUrl("https://api.github.com") // 傳入gson轉(zhuǎn)化器 .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()) .build(); // 2.獲取GitHub的對(duì)象 GitHub github = retrofit.create(GitHub.class); // 3.傳入?yún)?shù) Call<List<Contributor>> call = github.contributors("square", "retrofit"); // 4.異步請(qǐng)求接口 // 請(qǐng)求接口格式為"https://api.github.com/repos/square/retrofit/contributors" call.enqueue(new Callback<List<Contributor>>() { @Override public void onResponse(Call<List<Contributor>> call, Response<List<Contributor>> response) { List<Contributor> contributors = response.body(); for (Contributor contributor : contributors) { Log.e("MainActivity",contributor.login + " (" + contributor.contributions + ")"); } } @Override public void onFailure(Call<List<Contributor>> call, Throwable t) { } }); }
通過上面的例子，應(yīng)該能夠理解Retrofit的使用了吧
關(guān)于使用，可以參考下官網(wǎng)介紹http://square.github.io/retrofit/
對(duì)此，作者菌有幾個(gè)問題
- Retrofit提供的這么多注解是怎么運(yùn)用的？
- Retrofit有多少種注解
- Retrofit生成API對(duì)象后，怎么發(fā)起請(qǐng)求的
源碼解讀
先查看retrofit的代碼構(gòu)造
.
└── retrofit2
├── BuiltInConverters.java --默認(rèn)的轉(zhuǎn)化器，支持流，字符串
├── Call.java -- 請(qǐng)求的發(fā)送/取消，并獲取當(dāng)前請(qǐng)求的狀態(tài)
├── CallAdapter.java
├── Callback.java. --回調(diào)方法
├── Converter.java -- 轉(zhuǎn)化器，將okhttp中的RequestBody,ResponseBody進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化，支持XML，JSON，ProtocolBuf,如GsonConverterFactory，將返回的內(nèi)容或者發(fā)送Body中的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化，
├── DefaultCallAdapterFactory.java
├── ExecutorCallAdapterFactory.java
├── HttpException.java
├── OkHttpCall.java --實(shí)現(xiàn)了Call的接口，使用okhttp3.0的API
├── ParameterHandler.java --參數(shù)句柄，處理retrofit頭文件的操作請(qǐng)求
├── Platform.java --判斷當(dāng)前運(yùn)行環(huán)境是Android還是Java8
├── RequestBuilder.java
├── Response.java 服務(wù)端返回內(nèi)容，可以通過response.body()獲取到返回內(nèi)容
├── Retrofit.java --`對(duì)外方法`
├── ServiceMethod.java
├── Utils.java
├── http --http文件夾中包含的是retrofit所有的注解類,關(guān)于Http的操作和上傳字段，以及Header配置
│ ├── Body.java 用于Post,根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換方式將實(shí)例對(duì)象轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)應(yīng)字符串傳遞參數(shù).比如Retrofit添加GsonConverterFactory則是將body轉(zhuǎn)化為gson字符串進(jìn)行傳遞
│ ├── DELETE.java Delete請(qǐng)求
│ ├── Field.java 用于Post方式傳遞參數(shù),需要在請(qǐng)求接口方法上添加@FormUrlEncoded,即以表單的方式傳遞參數(shù)
│ ├── FieldMap.java
│ ├── FormUrlEncoded.java 同@Field使用
│ ├── GET.java GET請(qǐng)求
│ ├── HEAD.java
│ ├── HTTP.java
│ ├── Header.java 添加http header
│ ├── HeaderMap.java
│ ├── Headers.java 跟@Header作用一樣,只是使用方式不一樣,@Header是作為請(qǐng)求方法的參數(shù)傳入,@Headers是以固定方式直接添加到請(qǐng)求方法上
│ ├── Multipart.java 配合@Multipart使用,一般用于文件上傳
│ ├── OPTIONS.java
│ ├── PATCH.java
│ ├── POST.java Post請(qǐng)求
│ ├── PUT.java PUT請(qǐng)求
│ ├── Part.java 一般用于文件上傳
│ ├── PartMap.java
│ ├── Path.java 用于URL上占位符
│ ├── Query.java 用于Http Get請(qǐng)求傳遞參數(shù)
│ ├── QueryMap.java
│ ├── QueryName.java 用于Http Get請(qǐng)求傳遞參數(shù)
│ ├── Streaming.java 用于Http Get請(qǐng)求傳遞流形式參數(shù)
│ ├── Url.java 直接賦值URL
│ └── package-info.java
└── package-info.java
附上一篇?jiǎng)e人寫的###Retrofit注解含義###
講解下Retrofit的使用原理
- 首先講解Retrofit初始化
Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
// 傳入baseurl地址，
.baseUrl("https://api.github.com")
// 傳入gson轉(zhuǎn)化器
.addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
.build();
此處用了Build機(jī)制來初始化，現(xiàn)在很多初始化通過Build機(jī)制，如Dialog,OKHttp，Picasso等
Build構(gòu)建時(shí)可以傳入以下配置
Builder(Platform platform) {
this.platform = platform;
// Add the built-in converter factory first. This prevents overriding its behavior but also
// ensures correct behavior when using converters that consume all types.
converterFactories.add(new BuiltInConverters());
}
public Builder() {
// 獲取當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)版本
this(Platform.get());
}
/**
* 配置Client,默認(rèn)使用okhttp3.OkHttpClient
* @param client
* @return
*/
public Builder client(OkHttpClient client) {
return callFactory(checkNotNull(client, "client == null"));
}
/**
* 創(chuàng)建CallFactory,用于生成請(qǐng)求Http的Call
* @param factory
* @return
*/
public Builder callFactory(okhttp3.Call.Factory factory) {
this.callFactory = checkNotNull(factory, "factory == null");
return this;
}
/**
* 配置URL
* @param baseUrl
* @return
*/
public Builder baseUrl(String baseUrl) {
checkNotNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");
HttpUrl httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(baseUrl);
if (httpUrl == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal URL: " + baseUrl);
}
return baseUrl(httpUrl);
}
/**
* 配置URL，下面有幾組實(shí)例配置URL
* <p>
* <b>Correct:</b><br>
* Base URL: http://example.com/api/<br>
* Endpoint: foo/bar/<br>
* Result: http://example.com/api/foo/bar/
* <p>
* <b>Incorrect:</b><br>
* Base URL: http://example.com/api<br>
* Endpoint: foo/bar/<br>
* Result: http://example.com/foo/bar/
* <p>
* This method enforces that {@code baseUrl} has a trailing {@code /}.
* <p>
* <b>Endpoint values which contain a leading {@code /} are absolute.</b>
* <p>
* Absolute values retain only the host from {@code baseUrl} and ignore any specified path
* components.
* <p>
* Base URL: http://example.com/api/<br>
* Endpoint: /foo/bar/<br>
* Result: http://example.com/foo/bar/
* <p>
* Base URL: http://example.com/<br>
* Endpoint: /foo/bar/<br>
* Result: http://example.com/foo/bar/
* <p>
* <b>Endpoint values may be a full URL.</b>
* <p>
* Values which have a host replace the host of {@code baseUrl} and values also with a scheme
* replace the scheme of {@code baseUrl}.
* <p>
* Base URL: http://example.com/<br>
* Endpoint: https://github.com/square/retrofit/<br>
* Result: https://github.com/square/retrofit/
* <p>
* Base URL: http://example.com<br>
* Endpoint: //github.com/square/retrofit/<br>
* Result: http://github.com/square/retrofit/ (note the scheme stays 'http')
*/
public Builder baseUrl(HttpUrl baseUrl) {
checkNotNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");
List<String> pathSegments = baseUrl.pathSegments();
if (!"".equals(pathSegments.get(pathSegments.size() - 1))) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("baseUrl must end in /: " + baseUrl);
}
this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
return this;
}
/**
* 添加轉(zhuǎn)換器
* @param factory
* @return
*/
public Builder addConverterFactory(Converter.Factory factory) {
converterFactories.add(checkNotNull(factory, "factory == null"));
return this;
}
/**
* Add a call adapter factory for supporting service method return types other than {@link
* Call}.
*/
public Builder addCallAdapterFactory(CallAdapter.Factory factory) {
adapterFactories.add(checkNotNull(factory, "factory == null"));
return this;
}
/**
* 回調(diào)線程
* @param executor
* @return
*/
public Builder callbackExecutor(Executor executor) {
this.callbackExecutor = checkNotNull(executor, "executor == null");
return this;
}
public Builder validateEagerly(boolean validateEagerly) {
this.validateEagerly = validateEagerly;
return this;
}
/**
* Create the {@link Retrofit} instance using the configured values.
* <p>
* Note: If neither {@link #client} nor {@link #callFactory} is called a default {@link
* OkHttpClient} will be created and used.
*/
public Retrofit build() {
if (baseUrl == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Base URL required.");
}
// 默認(rèn)使用okhttp3.0的OKHttpClient
okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = this.callFactory;
if (callFactory == null) {
callFactory = new OkHttpClient();
}
// 若Platform是Android，回調(diào)的是主線程
Executor callbackExecutor = this.callbackExecutor;
if (callbackExecutor == null) {
callbackExecutor = platform.defaultCallbackExecutor();
}
// Make a defensive copy of the adapters and add the default Call adapter.
List<CallAdapter.Factory> adapterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.adapterFactories);
adapterFactories.add(platform.defaultCallAdapterFactory(callbackExecutor));
// Make a defensive copy of the converters.
List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.converterFactories);
return new Retrofit(callFactory, baseUrl, converterFactories, adapterFactories,
callbackExecutor, validateEagerly);
}
此處注意的是baseUrl，正確寫法是
* Base URL: http://example.com/api/
* Endpoint: foo/bar/
* Result: http://example.com/api/foo/bar/
Platform判斷當(dāng)前運(yùn)行環(huán)境是Android還是JAVA8
private static final Platform PLATFORM = findPlatform();
static Platform get() {
return PLATFORM;
}
private static Platform findPlatform() {
try {
Class.forName("android.os.Build");
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT != 0) {
return new Android();
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
}
try {
Class.forName("java.util.Optional");
return new Java8();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
}
return new Platform();
}
2.獲取GitHub的對(duì)象，傳入?yún)?shù)
GitHub github = retrofit.create(GitHub.class);
//傳入?yún)?shù)
Call<List<Contributor>> call = github.contributors("square", "retrofit");
通過代理模式來處理接口
public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) {
// 校驗(yàn)提供的是接口實(shí)現(xiàn)的類
Utils.validateServiceInterface(service);
if (validateEagerly) {
eagerlyValidateMethods(service);
}
// 代理模式
return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(service.getClassLoader(), new Class<?>[]{service},
new InvocationHandler() {
private final Platform platform = Platform.get();
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)
throws Throwable {
// If the method is a method from Object then defer to normal invocation.
if (method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class) {
return method.invoke(this, args);
}
if (platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) {
return platform.invokeDefaultMethod(method, service, proxy, args);
}
// 加載ServiceMethod，進(jìn)行URL組裝
ServiceMethod<Object, Object> serviceMethod =
(ServiceMethod<Object, Object>) loadServiceMethod(method);
OkHttpCall<Object> okHttpCall = new OkHttpCall<>(serviceMethod, args);
return serviceMethod.callAdapter.adapt(okHttpCall);
}
});
}
3.調(diào)用call.enqueue(new Callback...);
使用的是OKHttpCall,使用了OKHttp的Call，然后進(jìn)行Http請(qǐng)求。
Call的接口定義
public interface Call<T> extends Cloneable {
/**
* 同步發(fā)送請(qǐng)求，返回結(jié)果
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
Response<T> execute() throws IOException;
/**
* 異步發(fā)送請(qǐng)求，通過Callback回調(diào)返回
* @param callback
*/
void enqueue(Callback<T> callback);
/**
* 是否正在執(zhí)行發(fā)送
* @return
*/
boolean isExecuted();
/**
* 取消發(fā)送的請(qǐng)求，若請(qǐng)求還未執(zhí)行
*/
void cancel();
/**
* 請(qǐng)求是否被取消
* @return
*/
boolean isCanceled();
/**
* Create a new, identical call to this one which can be enqueued or executed even if this call
* has already been.
*/
Call<T> clone();
/** The original HTTP request. */
Request request();
}
4.其他：如何構(gòu)建Http請(qǐng)求，主要實(shí)在ServiceMethod.java這個(gè)類中
以@Path為例
else if (annotation instanceof Path) {
if (gotQuery) {
throw parameterError(p, "A @Path parameter must not come after a @Query.");
}
if (gotUrl) {
throw parameterError(p, "@Path parameters may not be used with @Url.");
}
if (relativeUrl == null) {
throw parameterError(p, "@Path can only be used with relative url on @%s", httpMethod);
}
gotPath = true;
Path path = (Path) annotation;
String name = path.value();
validatePathName(p, name);
Converter<?, String> converter = retrofit.stringConverter(type, annotations);
return new ParameterHandler.Path<>(name, converter, path.encoded());
}
通過剛才的代理模式調(diào)用ServiceMethod,將接口中的注解生成完整的Http請(qǐng)求
相關(guān)資料
你真的會(huì)用Retrofit2嗎?Retrofit2完全教程
Android 網(wǎng)絡(luò)框架 Retrofit2.0介紹、使用和封裝
jdk動(dòng)態(tài)代理實(shí)現(xiàn)原理
期待下4月新番-夏目友人帳第六季
