Apache Tomcat
Introduction
Apache Tomcat is a web server and servlet container that is used to serve Java applications. Tomcat is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies, released by the Apache Software Foundation. This tutorial covers the basic installation and some configuration of the latest release of Tomcat 8 on your Ubuntu 14.04 server.
Prerequisites
Before you begin with this guide, you should have a separate, non-root user account set up on your server. You can learn how to do this by completing steps 1-3 in the initial server setup for Ubuntu 14.04. We will be using the demo user created here for the rest of this tutorial.
Install Java
Tomcat requires that Java is installed on the server, so any Java web application code can be executed. Let's satisfy that requirement by installing OpenJDK 7 with apt-get.
First, update your apt-get package index:
sudo apt-get update
Then install the Java Development Kit package with apt-get:
sudo apt-get install default-jdk
Answer y at the prompt to continue installing OpenJDK 7.
Now that Java is installed, let's create a tomcat user, which will be used to run the Tomcat service.
Create Tomcat User
For security purposes, Tomcat should be run as an unprivileged user (i.e. not root). We will create a new user and group that will run the Tomcat service.
First, create a new tomcat group:
sudo groupadd tomcat
Then create a new tomcat user. We'll make this user a member of the tomcat group, with a home directory of /opt/tomcat (where we will install Tomcat), and with a shell of /bin/false (so nobody can log into the account):
sudo useradd -s /bin/false -g tomcat -d /opt/tomcat tomcat
Now that our tomcat user is set up, let's download and install Tomcat.
Install Tomcat
The easiest way to install Tomcat 8 at this time is to download the latest binary release then configure it manually.
Download Tomcat Binary
Find the latest version of Tomcat 8 at the Tomcat 8 Downloads page. At the time of writing, the latest version is 8.0.23. Under the Binary Distributions section, then under the Core list, copy the link to the "tar.gz".
Let's download the latest binary distribution to our home directory.
First, change to your home directory:
cd ~
Then use wget and paste in the link to download the Tomcat 8 archive, like this (your mirror link will probably differ from the example):
wget http://mirror.sdunix.com/apache/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.67/bin/apache-tomcat-7.0.67.tar.gz
We're going to install Tomcat to the /opt/tomcat directory. Create the directory, then extract the the archive to it with these commands:
sudo mkdir /opt/tomcat
sudo tar xvf apache-tomcat-7*tar.gz -C /opt/tomcat --strip-components=1
Now we're ready to set up the proper user permissions.
Update Permissions
The tomcat user that we set up needs to have the proper access to the Tomcat installation. We'll set that up now.
Change to the Tomcat installation path:
cd /opt/tomcat
Then give the tomcat user write access to the conf directory, and read access to the files in that directory:
sudo chgrp -R tomcat conf
sudo chmod g+rwx conf
sudo chmod g+r conf/*
Then make the tomcat user the owner of the work, temp, and logs directories:
sudo chown -R tomcat work/ temp/ logs/
Now that the proper permissions are set up, let's set up an Upstart init script.
Install Upstart Script
Because we want to be able to run Tomcat as a service, we will set up an Upstart script.
Tomcat needs to know where Java was installed. This path is commonly referred to as "JAVA_HOME". The easiest way to look up that location is by running this command:
sudo update-alternatives --config java
Output:
There is only one alternative in link group java (providing /usr/bin/java): /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java
Nothing to configure.
The JAVAHOME will be in the output, without the trailing /bin/java. For the example above, the JAVAHOME is highlighted in red.
Now we're ready to create the Upstart script. Create and open it by running this command:
sudo nano /etc/init/tomcat.conf
Paste in the following script, and modify the value of JAVA_HOME if necessary. You may also want to modify the memory allocation settings that are specified in CATALINA_OPTS:
/etc/init/tomcat.conf
description "Tomcat Server"
start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]
respawn
respawn limit 10 5
setuid tomcat
setgid tomcat
env JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre
env CATALINA_HOME=/opt/tomcat
# Modify these options as needed
env JAVA_OPTS="-Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom"
env CATALINA_OPTS="-Xms512M -Xmx1024M -server -XX:+UseParallelGC"
exec $CATALINA_HOME/bin/catalina.sh run
# cleanup temp directory after stop
post-stop script
rm -rf $CATALINA_HOME/temp/*
end script
Save and exit. This script tells the server to run the Tomcat service as the tomcat user, with the settings specified. It also enables Tomcat to run when the server is started.
Now let's reload the Upstart configuration, so we can use our new Tomcat script:
sudo initctl reload-configuration
Tomcat is ready to be run. Start it with this command:
sudo initctl start tomcat
Tomcat is not completely set up yet, but you can access the default splash page by going to your domain or IP address followed by :8080 in a web browser:
Open in web browser:
http://server_IP_address:8080
You will see the default Tomcat splash page, in addition to other information. Now we will go deeper into the installation of Tomcat.
Configure Tomcat Web Management Interface
In order to use the manager webapp that comes with Tomcat, we must add a login to our Tomcat server. We will do this by editing the tomcat-users.xml file:
sudo nano /opt/tomcat/conf/tomcat-users.xml
This file is filled with comments which describe how to configure the file. You may want to delete all the comments between the following two lines, or you may leave them if you want to reference the examples:
tomcat-users.xml excerpt
<tomcat-users>
...
</tomcat-users>
You will want to add a user who can access the manager-gui and admin-gui (webapps that come with Tomcat). You can do so by defining a user similar to the example below. Be sure to change the username and password to something secure:
tomcat-users.xml — Admin User
<tomcat-users>
<user username="admin" password="password" roles="manager-gui,admin-gui"/>
</tomcat-users>
Save and quit the tomcat-users.xml file. To put our changes into effect, restart the Tomcat service:
sudo initctl restart tomcat
Access the Web Interface
Now that Tomcat is up and running, let's access the web management interface in a web browser. You can do this by accessing the public IP address of the server, on port 8080:
Open in web browser:
http://server_IP_address:8080
You will see something like the following image:
Tomcat自帶log的配置
問題
tomcat每次啟動時，自動在logs目錄下生產以下日志文件，且每天都會生成對應日期的一個文件，造成日志文件眾多：
localhost.2012-07-05.txt
catalina.2012-07-05.txt
manager.2012-07-05.txt
host-manager.2012-07-05.txt
目的
Tomcat以上日志都輸出到同一個文件中。
修改步驟
打開Tomcat目錄conf\logging.properties，修改如下，所有日志輸出到tomcat開頭的文件中
1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
# 1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = catalina.
1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = tomcat.
2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
# 2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = localhost.
2localhost.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = tomcat.
3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
# 3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = manager.
3manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = tomcat.
4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
# 4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = host-manager.
4host-manager.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.prefix = tomcat.
Tomcat日志總結
1 Tomcat 日志信息分為兩類 ：
- 一是運行中的日志，它主要記錄運行的一些信息，尤其是一些異常錯誤日志信息 。
- 二是訪問日志信息，它記錄的訪問的時間，IP ，訪問的資料等相關信息。
2 訪問日志的配置
2.1 默認 tomcat 不記錄訪問日志，如下方法可以使 tomcat 記錄訪問日志
編輯 ${catalina}/conf/server.xml 文件. 注 :${catalina} 是 tomcat 的安裝目錄
把以下的注釋 () 去掉即可。
<!--
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve"
directory="logs" prefix="localhost_access_log." suffix=".txt"
pattern="common" resolveHosts="false"/>
-->
2.2 配置tomcat 寫出更詳細的日志
通過對 2.1 示例中 pattern 項的修改，可以改變日志輸出的內容。
該項值可以為： common 與 combined ，這兩個預先設置好的格式對應的日志輸出內容如下：
common 的值： %h %l %u %t %r %s %b
combined 的值： %h %l %u %t %r %s %b %{Referer}i %{User-Agent}i
pattern 也可以根據需要自由組合, 例如 pattern="%h %l"
對于各fields字段的含義請參照 :
http://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-6.0-doc/config/valve.html 中的 Access Log Valve 項
3 修改Tomcat運行日志的等級
3.1 日志類型與級別
Tomcat 日志分為下面５類：
catalina 、 localhost 、 manager 、 admin 、 host-manager
每類日志的級別分為如下 7 種：
SEVERE (highest value) > WARNING > INFO > CONFIG > FINE > FINER > FINEST (lowest value)
3.2 日志級別的設定方法
修改 conf/logging.properties 中的內容，設定某類日志的級別
示例：
設置 catalina 日志的級別為： FINE
1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = FINE
禁用 catalina 日志的輸出：
1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = OFF
輸出 catalina 所有的日志消息均輸出：
1catalina.org.apache.juli.FileHandler.level = ALL