A. Data Type?
e.g. data definition (Object, characteristics, judge), data relationships (Y, X), Defect, Continuous, Discrete, full population data, sample etc. Data type classification determine what type of tests can be done in the following steps.
按類型來分析字段
B. Stability
e.g. goodness of measure (reliability, variability, validity, consistency), run charts, sample correlation and consistency tests, data trust, consistency of samples, time effects. Stability of data determine the quality of our data, the scope of samples needed, strength of conclusions, and about the existence of common and special cause variation influencing performance.
數據的穩定性 整體的一致性 如信校度：
一、信度
1、信度（reliability）即可靠性，它指的是采取同樣的方法對同一對象重復進行測量時，其所得結果相一致的程度。從另一方面來說，信度就是指測量數據的可靠程度。
2、信度是指測驗結果的一致性、穩定性及可靠性，一般多以內部一致性來加以表示該測驗信度的高低。信度系數愈高即表示該測驗的結果愈一致、穩定與可靠。
3、系統誤差對信度沒什么影響，因為系統誤差總是以相同的方式影響測量值的，因此不會造成不一致性。反之，隨機誤差可能導致不一致性，從而降低信度。
二、效度
1、效度（Validity）即有效性，它是指測量工具或手段能夠準確測出所需測量的事物的程度。效度是指所測量到的結果反映所想要考察內容的程度，測量結果與要考察的內容越吻合，則效度越高；反之，則效度越低。效度分為三種類型：內容效度、準則效度和結構效度。
2、效度是測量的有效性程度，即測量工具確能測出其所要測量特質的程度，或者簡單地說是指一個測驗的準確性、有用性。效度是科學的測量工具所必須具備的最重要的條件。
3、在社會測量中，對作為測量工具的問卷或量表的效度要求較高。鑒別效度須明確測量的目的與范圍，考慮所要測量的內容并分析其性質與特征，檢查測量的內容是否與測量的目的相符，進而判斷測量結果是否反映了所要測量的特質的程度。
C. Shape
e.g. normality test, normal distribution, random distribution, exponential distribution, bell curve. Shape provide conclusions about overall trends and existence of sub-segments of data.
數據是否服從某種分布
D. Spread
e.g. range, quartiles, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation (e.g. boxplot, σ, test for equal variance). Spread provide conclusions about variation of both Y and X as well as how consistent and homogeneous performance is.
數據的分布情況
E. Central tendency
e.g. mean, median, mode, average (T tests, Anova). Central tendency provide conclusions about the average, to what extent performance is on or off target, and performance differences between different initiatives, artifacts, people, processes, or services.
數據的趨勢
F. Capability
e.g. performance tests vs. expectations/targets (Z, USL, LSL, defect, performance gap) . Capability test provide conclusions about the overall performance of the data studied vs. the objectives/targets, and to which extent gaps and improvement options exist.
數據和目標的差距
