一 KVO基本使用
二 KVO本質原理講解及代碼驗證
三 KVC基本使用
四 KVC設值原理
五 KVC取值原理
KVC: 即 Key-Value-Coding,用于鍵值編碼。作為 cocoa 的一個標準化組成部分,它是基于 NSKeyValueCoding 非正式協議的機制。簡單來說,就是直接通過 key 值對對象的屬性進行存取操作,而不需要調用明確的存取方法(set 和 get 方法 )。基本上所有的 OC 對象都支持 KVC。
KVO : 即 Key-Value-Observing ,鍵值觀察。回調機制,當指定的對象屬性(內存地址/常量改變)被修改后,對象就會收到通知。
一 KVO基本使用
我們來看一段KVO基本使用的代碼示例:
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface People : NSObject
@property(assign,nonatomic) int age;
@end
#import "People.h"
@implementation People
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "People.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
self.people.age = 10;
//給person對象添加KVO監聽
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
}
// 當監聽對象的屬性值發生改變時,就會調用這個方法
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context
{
if (context == nil) {
NSLog(@"監聽到%@的%@的屬性值改變了:%@",object,keyPath,change);
} else {
[super observeValueForKeyPath:keyPath ofObject:object change:change context:context];
}
}
- (void)dealloc
{
[self.people removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
}
-(void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event{
self.people.age = 15;
}
@end
output:
2019-02-01 17:37:20.416444+0800 runloop[13965:867060] 監聽到<People: 0x600001537530>的age的屬性值改變了:{
kind = 1;
new = 15;
old = 10;
}
我們調用對象addObserver
方法給對象的某個屬性添加監聽,當對象的這個屬性值改變的時候就會觸發- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context
方法,輸出結果 值的變化內容都在change
中,KVO的使用是非常簡單的,但是它的背后是如何實現的呢?我們一起來探索一下
二 KVO本質原理講解及代碼驗證
我們看下面一段代碼
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface People : NSObject
@property(assign,nonatomic) int age;
@end
#import "People.h"
@implementation People
- (void)setAge:(int)age{
_age = age;
}
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "People.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people;
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people2;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
self.people.age = 10;
self.people2 = [[People alloc] init];
self.people2.age = 20;
//給person對象添加KVO監聽
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
}
// 當監聽對象的屬性值發生改變時,就會調用這個方法
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context
{
if (context == nil) {
NSLog(@"監聽到%@的%@的屬性值改變了:%@",object,keyPath,change);
} else {
[super observeValueForKeyPath:keyPath ofObject:object change:change context:context];
}
}
- (void)dealloc
{
[self.people removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
}
-(void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event{
[self.people setAge:15];
[self.people2 setAge:30];
}
@end
我們知道self.people.age
就等于調用[self.people setAge:]
,運行上面的程序,點擊手機屏幕,我們可以發現它們都調用了people的setAge:
方法,不同的是people觸發了監聽方法,而people2卻沒有,到了這里我們能確定的是:不管一個對象的屬性有沒有添加KVO監聽,在修改對象屬性的時候都會走對象的set方法,看來跟方法沒有關系,那只有跟類有關系了。這里我們先給出結論,然后再逐一驗證。
1 利用RuntimeAPI動態生成一個子類,并且讓instance對象的isa指向這個全新的子類
2 當修改instance對象的屬性時,會調用Foundation的
_NSSetXXXValueAndNotify
函數
//_NSSetXXXValueAndNotify函數內部實現
willChangeValueForKey:
父類原來的setter
didChangeValueForKey:
3 didChangeValueForKey
內部會觸發監聽器(Oberser)的監聽方法observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context:
以上3個結論,我們先來驗證第一個:就是當調用了下面這個添加屬性監聽方法
//給person對象添加KVO監聽
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
runtime會生成一個People的子類,并且讓self.people的isa指向這個子類,其實就是讓self.people的類對象替換成這個子類,那好我們來打印一下self.people,和self.people添加了屬性監聽后的類對象,我們來看一下它們還都是不是Person對象了。
.......省略上面的代碼
NSLog(@"before class:%s",object_getClassName(self.people));
//給person對象添加KVO監聽
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
NSLog(@"after class:%s",object_getClassName(self.people));
NSLog(@"is People subclass:%d",[self.people isKindOfClass:[People class]]);
output:
2019-02-01 20:24:32.874514+0800 runloop[14845:939809] before class:People
2019-02-01 20:24:32.874816+0800 runloop[14845:939809] after class:NSKVONotifying_People
2019-02-01 20:24:32.874914+0800 runloop[14845:939809] is People subclass:1
通過程序運行我們可以看到,self.people在添加了屬性監聽后它的類對象確實變了,變成了NSKVONotifying_People
,那么第一步我們驗證完了,按我們再來驗證修改這個子類的屬性方法是不是調用了Foundation的
_NSSetXXXValueAndNotify
函數,以及這個方法內部是不是調用了willChangeValueForKey:
Person的setter
didChangeValueForKey:
我們修改中間的代碼 并且在最后一行打上斷點 如下:
.......省略上面的代碼
NSLog(@"before :%p",[self.people methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
//給person對象添加KVO監聽
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
NSLog(@"after :%p",[self.people methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
2019-02-01 20:34:58.426171+0800 runloop[14942:945995] before :0x10301df70
2019-02-01 20:34:58.426464+0800 runloop[14942:945995] after :0x7fff257023ea
(lldb) p (IMP)0x10301df70
(IMP) $0 = 0x000000010301df70 (runloop`-[People setAge:] at People.m:13)
(lldb) p (IMP)0x7fff257023ea
(IMP) $1 = 0x00007fff257023ea (Foundation`_NSSetIntValueAndNotify)
(lldb)
我們通過methodForSelector:
打印出self.people
添加屬性監聽前后的setAge:
方法的調用地址,然后利用lldb打印出調用地址的方法名,我們可以看出它確實調用了_NSSetIntValueAndNotify方法,那么_NSSetIntValueAndNotify內部流程是什么樣的呢,我們要來驗證一下,我們修改上面的代碼如下:
#import "People.h"
@implementation People
- (void)setAge:(int)age{
_age = age;
NSLog(@"setAge");
}
- (void)willChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key{
[super willChangeValueForKey:key];
NSLog(@"willChangeValueForKey%@",key);
}
- (void)didChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key {
NSLog(@"begin didChangeValueForKey%@",key);
[super didChangeValueForKey:key];
NSLog(@"end didChangeValueForKey%@",key);
}
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "People.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people;
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people2;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
self.people.age = 10;
self.people2 = [[People alloc] init];
self.people2.age = 20;
// NSLog(@"before :%p",[self.people methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
// //給person對象添加KVO監聽
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
// NSLog(@"after :%p",[self.people methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
}
// 當監聽對象的屬性值發生改變時,就會調用這個方法
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context
{
if (context == nil) {
NSLog(@"監聽到%@的%@的屬性值改變了:%@",object,keyPath,change);
} else {
[super observeValueForKeyPath:keyPath ofObject:object change:change context:context];
}
}
- (void)dealloc
{
[self.people removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
}
-(void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event{
[self.people setAge:15];
// [self.people2 setAge:30];
}
@end
運行起來后我們點擊屏幕打印信息如下:
2019-02-01 20:49:52.671117+0800 runloop[15073:954069] willChangeValueForKeyage
2019-02-01 20:49:52.671519+0800 runloop[15073:954069] setAge
2019-02-01 20:49:52.671654+0800 runloop[15073:954069] begin didChangeValueForKeyage
2019-02-01 20:49:52.672014+0800 runloop[15073:954069] 監聽到<People: 0x600002a9cda0>的age的屬性值改變了:{
kind = 1;
new = 15;
old = 10;
}
2019-02-01 20:49:52.672167+0800 runloop[15073:954069] end didChangeValueForKeyage
通過打印結果我們可以看到,正如我們結論所說,它先調用 willChangeValueForKey
然后調用set
最后調用didChangeValueForKey
.并且這里我們也驗證了第三個結論,3 didChangeValueForKey
內部會觸發監聽器(Oberser)的監聽方法observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context
OK 到此整個KVO底層實現流程我們也驗證一遍了,最后我們在整體梳理下整個流程:
流程描述 (執行依次往下) | 代碼演示 |
---|---|
1 給對象屬性添加監聽 | [self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNewcontext:nil]; |
2 RuntimeAPI動態生成一個子類,并且讓instance對象的isa指向這個全新的子類 | NSKVONotifying_People |
3 當修改instance對象的屬性時,會調用Foundation的 _NSSetXXXValueAndNotify 函數 |
[self.people methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)] |
4 _NSSetXXXValueAndNotify 函數會調用右邊幾個方法 |
1 willChangeValueForKey: 2 父類原來的setter 3 didChangeValueForKey: |
5 didChangeValueForKey 內部會觸發監聽器 |
- (void)didChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key {[self observeValueForKeyPath:self ofObject:key change:nil context:nil];} |
流程不算復雜就相當于生成一個新的子類重寫它的set方法。最后簡單介紹其他一些相關內容,
1 對象添加KVO監聽前后的類結構圖:
2 關于獲取KVO對象類對象兩個方法的差異
[self.people addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:nil];
NSLog(@"class :%@",[self.people class]);
NSLog(@"class :%s",object_getClassName(self.people));
雖然[ xx class]
和object_getClassName()
都是獲取isa指向的類對象,但是添加了KVO后的子類對象重寫了class方法,它返回的是未添加KVO的類對象,而object_getClassName()是返回對象真實的類對象。
好了KVO就算講完了,下面我們來看一下KVC相關的內容。
三 KVC基本使用
KVC是Key Value Coding的縮寫,意思是鍵值編碼。在iOS中,提供了一種方法通過使用屬性的名稱(也就是Key)來間接訪問對象的屬性方法。說的有的拗口,實際上就是通過類定義我們可以看到類的各種屬性,那么使用屬性的名稱我們就能訪問到類實例化后的對象的這個屬性值。
這個方法可以不通過getter/setter方法來訪問對象的屬性。因為一個類的成員變量如果沒有提供getter/setter的話,外界就失去了對這個變量的訪問渠道。而KVC則提供了一種訪問的方法。我們來看一下KVC的常用API
- (void)setValue:(id)value forKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath;
- (void)setValue:(id)value forKey:(NSString *)key;
- (id)valueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath;
- (id)valueForKey:(NSString *)key;
再來看一下KVC的基本使用
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface People : NSObject
@property(assign,nonatomic) int age;
@property(strong,nonatomic) NSDictionary *dic;
@end
#import "People.h"
@implementation People
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "People.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
self.people.dic = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObject:@20 forKey:@"age"];
[self.people setValue:@10 forKey:@"age"];
NSLog(@"%@",[self.people valueForKey:@"age"]);
NSLog(@"%@",[self.people valueForKeyPath:@"dic.age"]);
}
@end
output:
2019-02-02 11:28:14.101638+0800 runloop[22631:1536170] 10
2019-02-02 11:28:14.101776+0800 runloop[22631:1536170] 20
其實KVC的使用也是很簡單的,下面我們來看一下KVC的存取值原理
四 KVC設值原理
我們通過KVC給一個對象屬性設置值經常使用setValue:forKey:
下面讓我們來看一下它的實現原理,下面先給一個調用流程圖:
當我們調用setValue:forKey:
方法后首先它會先調用這個對象相應屬性的setXXX:
方法,如果沒有這個方法就會調用帶下劃線的_setXXX:
方法,如果還沒有就會查看這個對象類accessInstanceVariablesDirectly
方法的返回值,返回false,就報NSUnknownKeyException
異常,如果返回true,就按照,按照_key、_isKey、key、isKey順序查找成員變量,并直接賦值。
下面讓我們用代碼來驗證整個流程:
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface People : NSObject
{
// int _age;
// int _isAge;
int age;
int isAge;
}
@end
#import "People.h"
@implementation People
//- (void) setAge:(int)age{
// NSLog(@"setAge");
//}
//- (void) _setAge:(int)age{
// NSLog(@"_setAge");
//}
+ (BOOL)accessInstanceVariablesDirectly
{
return true;
}
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "People.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
[self.people setValue:@10 forKeyPath:@"age"];
}
@end
我們可以依次注釋它的 set,_set,_key,_isKey,key,iskey,來查看它的執行情況。[setValue: forKeyPath:]
也是一樣的執行流程,好了這就是KVC設置屬性值的原理流程,下面我們看它取值的流程
五 KVC取值原理
當我們調用valueForKey:
方法后首先它會先調用這個對象相應屬性的getKey、key、 isKey、_key
,如果還都沒有就會查看這個對象類 accessInstanceVariablesDirectly
方法的返回值,返回false,就報NSUnknownKeyException
異常,如果返回true,就按照,按照_key、_isKey、key、isKey
順序查找成員變量,并直接取值。
KVC取值原理流程圖如下:
KVC取值原理流程驗證示例代碼
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface People : NSObject
{
@public
int _age;
int _isAge;
int age;
int isAge;
}
@end
#import "People.h"
@implementation People
//- (int) getAge{
// NSLog(@"getAge");
// return 10;
//}
//- (int) age{
// NSLog(@"age");
// return 20;
//}
//- (int) isAge{
// NSLog(@"isAge");
// return 30;
//}
- (int) _age{
NSLog(@"_age");
return 40;
}
+ (BOOL)accessInstanceVariablesDirectly
{
return true;
}
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "People.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@property(strong,nonatomic) People *people;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
self.people->_age = 10;
self.people->_isAge = 20;
self.people->age = 30;
self.people->isAge = 40;
[self.people valueForKey:@"age"];
}
@end
到此KVC的存取值雖然看這個調用的方法很多,但是流程都是大同小意的,還是有規律可循的,KVC原理我們就算講完了,下面我們來看幾個問題:
1 如何手動觸發KVO?
手動調用willChangeValueForKey:和didChangeValueForKey:
2 直接修改成員變量會觸發KVO么?
不會,描述如下
@interface People : NSObject
{
@public
int _age;
int _isAge;
int age;
int isAge;
}
@end
- (void)viewDidLoad {
self.people = [[People alloc] init];
self.people->_age = 10;
self.people->_isAge = 20;
self.people->age = 30;
self.people->isAge = 40;
}
這種情況不會觸發,這種情況沒有調用對象的set方法,是直接給屬性賦值。
3 通過KVC修改屬性會觸發KVO么?
會觸發KVO,自己寫代碼可以驗證,我們猜測KVC在setValue: forKeyPath:
方法中手動調用了屬性監聽回調observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context
方法,有人說KVO基于KVC,我覺得不需要,只要你在調用KVC setValue :forKey
方法時,它內部再調用一下KVO的通知方法就好了就像下面偽代碼這樣,我也不管你對象有沒有調用set方法,就能實現通知。
- (void)setValue:(id)value forKey:(NSString *)key{
self.people->_age = value;
[self observeValueForKeyPath:key ofObject:value change:nil context:nil];
}
OK關于KVC,KVO我們就講到這,內容不多,需要我們在開發中多多實踐。