編譯/Muzuer
因?yàn)楸究剖侵形南档?,在英文世界闖蕩寫(xiě)論文,自然要遵從英文的“八股”,這本40 Model Essays可以說(shuō)是我在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中備受教授、朋友推薦的一本淺顯易懂的教科書(shū)之一(我暫時(shí)找了一圈,發(fā)現(xiàn)國(guó)內(nèi)還沒(méi)有引進(jìn)),也就說(shuō)這本書(shū)是沒(méi)有中文版的,我手頭的這本是Jane E. Aaron& Ellen Kuhl Pepetto, 40 Model Essays: A Portable Anthology, 2nd Ed., Bedford/St. Martin's?
這本書(shū)就是從基礎(chǔ)的層面去講寫(xiě)作的,這對(duì)于我這類(lèi)有時(shí)候眼高手低,或者像寫(xiě)小說(shuō)一樣在寫(xiě)論文的人來(lái)說(shuō)是如獲至寶,由此整理且分享給朋友們:
整本教科書(shū)分為10章分別是
1.description
2.narration
3.example
4.division or analysis
5.classification?
6.process analysis
7.comparison and contrast
8.definition
9.cause-and-effect analysis
10.argument and persuasion
其實(shí)是將每個(gè)寫(xiě)作技巧分成章節(jié)來(lái)細(xì)講了,而且每個(gè)版塊配以了幾篇經(jīng)典的或當(dāng)代人的論文來(lái)加以評(píng)析,講的是實(shí)用的東西,由此操作性也比較強(qiáng)。
作為開(kāi)頭簡(jiǎn)介(Introduction),下面的小標(biāo)題是閱讀與寫(xiě)作,什么意思呢?
1. 為什么要閱讀?
老生常談:想寫(xiě)好作品就需要多讀書(shū),而寫(xiě)作也需要依靠不斷的寫(xiě)與重寫(xiě)。
Writing well is not an inborn skill but an acquired one.?
本書(shū)列舉了三條閱讀其他作者的好處
1. Reading others' ideas can introduce you to new information and give you new perspectives on your own experience;
2. Reading exposes you to a broad range of strategies and styles;
3. Reading makes you sensitive to the role of audience in writing.
作個(gè)總結(jié)就是閱讀好處有:
1. 獲取新知識(shí)和原有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的新角度;
2. 了解各種寫(xiě)作技巧和文風(fēng);
3. 讓你產(chǎn)生一種讀者意識(shí)。
2. 如何做到批判性閱讀?
作者觀點(diǎn):
To get the most out of reading, we must invest something of ourselves in the process, applying our own ideas and emotions and attending not just to the substance but also to the writer's interpretation of it.
總結(jié)來(lái)說(shuō)就是你讀完書(shū)要有自己的看法和觀點(diǎn)。
這一點(diǎn)很重要,在本科的時(shí)候因?yàn)閷?zhuān)業(yè)原因經(jīng)常會(huì)讀小說(shuō),有些人讀完之后就是什么感覺(jué)也說(shuō)不上來(lái),好與不好也說(shuō)不上來(lái),這就是一種被動(dòng)式的閱讀。主動(dòng)閱讀就是你和作者要有交互,他說(shuō)A如何如何好,你要對(duì)他的說(shuō)法有自己的想法和主見(jiàn)。
3. 具體怎么做?
這樣的批判性閱讀其實(shí)也是很私人化的,每個(gè)人有不同的方式,但是本文作者倒是提供了一些閱讀前的準(zhǔn)備方法和策略,讓讀者養(yǎng)成一個(gè)私人化的批判性閱讀習(xí)慣:
1. What is the author's background, what qualification does he or she bring to the subject, and what approach is he or she likely to take?
2. What does the title convey about the subject and the author's attitude toward it?
3. What can you predict about your own response to the work?
總的來(lái)說(shuō),閱讀前考慮有:
1.作者背景和資歷(這一點(diǎn)呢雖然有點(diǎn)過(guò)于勢(shì)利,但是有時(shí)候從某種角度來(lái)講還是需要的);
2. 標(biāo)題表達(dá)的內(nèi)容以及作者對(duì)此的態(tài)度,諷刺?或者陳述;
3. 你能否預(yù)測(cè)你自己的對(duì)于要讀文章的反映。
而以上這些基本上也是讀之前腦子里略微過(guò)一下,因?yàn)榱?xí)慣了就會(huì)不自覺(jué)地去關(guān)注。
不過(guò)做完了準(zhǔn)備工作,那么讀的時(shí)候怎么做標(biāo)記呢。
4. 常規(guī)標(biāo)記技巧
1. underline or bracket passages that you find particularly effective or that seem especially important to the author's purpose;
2. circle words you don't understand so that you can look them up when you finish;
3. Put question marks in the margins next to unclear passages.
4. Jot down associations that occur to you, such as examples from your own experience, disagreements with the author's assumptions or arguments, or connections to other works you've read.
總結(jié):
1. 給有力論點(diǎn)以及重要觀點(diǎn)劃線;
2.圈起陌生詞;
3.在不明確的段落邊畫(huà)問(wèn)號(hào);
4. 寫(xiě)下與文段有關(guān)關(guān)聯(lián)的個(gè)人體驗(yàn)包括閱讀來(lái)的不同或類(lèi)似的觀點(diǎn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
最后讀完以后呢如果還有空對(duì)于每個(gè)段落作自己的一個(gè)小總結(jié),然后總結(jié)一下全文。
5. 總結(jié)策略:
本書(shū)也是提供了幾個(gè)角度可以供讀者自己做全文總結(jié):
1. Why did the author choose this subject?
2. Who is the intended audience?
3. What is the author's point?
4. What details does the author provide to support the thesis?
5. How does the author organize ideas?
6. What do language and tone reveal about the author's meaning, purpose, and attitude?
7. How successful is the essay as a whole, and why?
類(lèi)似的問(wèn)題還有許多,總結(jié)起來(lái)也就是:
1. 文章目的;
2. 擬定受眾;
3. 作者觀點(diǎn);
4. 文章細(xì)節(jié);
5. 文章結(jié)構(gòu);
6. 文章文風(fēng);
7. 總體評(píng)價(jià)
這就是這本書(shū)的開(kāi)頭簡(jiǎn)介,由此也可以看出其實(shí)用性還是很強(qiáng)的。
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