中文感悟：
第8章講的內容比較繁雜混亂，我簡要摘一點自己印象比較深刻的地方談一談感想吧。
其中讓我感受頗深的地方是蘇東坡在警告皇帝的話中有幾句是這么說的
詩曰：“譬彼舟流，不知所屆。心之憂矣。不遑假寐。”區區之忠，惟陛下察之，臣謹昧死上對。
這幾句話讓我想起了諸葛亮在《出師表》中的一段話：“愿陛下托臣以討賊興復之效，不效，則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈。若無興德之言，則責攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自謀，以咨諏善道，察納雅言，深追先帝遺詔。臣不勝受恩感激。”
我想也許歷代英雄們的情懷都在某種程度上有一定的相似性。從蘇軾的“區區之忠”到諸葛亮的鞠躬盡瘁，再到范仲淹的“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”。他們心系國家蒼生，而不顧個人榮辱安危。
字詞學習：
And when an emperor loses the support of the people, it spells his ruin.
spell在此處作動詞，表示to have something, usually something bad, as a result; to mean something, usually something bad招致、意味著（通常指壞事）
另外spell作動詞還可表示to replace for a short time somebody who is doing a particular activity so that they ca rest（短時間）替換、頂替
In addition, spell作名詞有幾個意思也值得積累。
1 （持續的）一段時間，例如 a spell of warm weather
2 words that are thought to have magic power or to make a piece of magic work; a piece of magic that happens when somebody says these magic words咒語、魔法、符咒
3 a quality that a person or thing has that makes them so attractive or interesting that they have a strong influence on you魅力、魔力。例如 I completely fell under her spell.
造句：A bad weather spells disasters for farmers.
Su Tungpo warned the Emperor against reliance upon his power to cow the people into submission.
cow此處作動詞，表示to frighten somebody in order to make them obey you
造句：Children are easily cowed.?
此外，cow作名詞還可以表示 1 the female of the elephant, whale and some other large animals.
2 an unpleasant person, thing or situation討厭的人（或事物、情況）
俗語 have a cow: to become very angry or anxious about something
till the cows come home: for a very long time
Hundreds of years earlier, various forms of mutilation had been used in the punishment of criminals, including branding, cutting off noses, cutting off legs, and castration.?
branding, cutting off nose, cutting off legs, castration都是古代的刑罰。
今天我想講一講branding這個詞，文章中翻譯成“墨刑”，我去搜了一下墨刑的百科，發現解釋是這樣的：（結合下面的百科和詞語解釋，我覺得此處不應該翻譯成墨刑，而是應該類似于炮烙這樣的刑罰）
branding iron: a mental tool that is heated and used to brand farm animals.烙鐵
branding這個詞應該是來自brand, brand作動詞主要有兩個意思 1 to describe somebody as being something bad or unpleasant, especially unfair（尤指不公正地）丑化某人或敗壞某人名聲
此時用法主要有brand somebody as something/ brand somebody+noun./adj.
2 to mark an animal with a brand to show who owns it
此外brand作名詞除了品牌、類型之外，還表示名詞的“烙印”
造句：The farmer branded his cow in the morning.?
