一、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用; 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, 先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句往往由逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于并列分句、狀語(yǔ)從句等。
He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)
他有兩個(gè)兒子, 他們?cè)谕患夜旧习唷?/p>
He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)
他有兩個(gè)兒子在同一家公司上班。
He failed in the match, which was a great pity. (非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 先行詞為前面的句子) (=He failed in the match, and it was a great pity.)
他在比賽中失敗了, 這真令人遺憾。
題組訓(xùn)練 句型轉(zhuǎn)換
①That is his father, and he works in Shanghai.
That is his father, who works in Shanghai.
②I like the boy, who is very lovely.
I like the boy, because/for he is very lovely.
③ He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting.
He told me a story yesterday, which I think is very interesting.
二、關(guān)系代詞的用法
(一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. 先行詞指人且在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ), 需用who/that 引導(dǎo), 且不能省略。
She is the girl who/that lives next door.
她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
2. 先行詞指物且在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ), 需用 that/which 引導(dǎo), 且不能省略。
The work that/which has just been finished is very important.
剛剛完成的那份工作很重要。
3. 先行詞指物且在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ), 用 that 或 which 引導(dǎo), 且可省略 that/which。
That is the book (that/which) I want to read.
那就是我想要讀的那本書(shū)。
4. 先行詞指人且在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ), 用whom/who/that 引導(dǎo), 且可省略 whom/who/that。
That's the girl (whom/who/that) I teach.
那就是我教的女孩。
5. 先行詞指人或物且在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ), 用whose 或of whom/of which 引導(dǎo)。
This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.
= This is the scientist, the achievements of whom are well known.
= This is the scientist, of whom the achievements are well known. 這就是那位成就卓著的科學(xué)家。
This is the house whose window broke last night.
=This is the house, the window of which broke last night.
=This is the house, of which the window broke last night.
(注意等號(hào)后兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中的定冠詞)
這就是昨晚窗戶被打破的那所房子。
6. as 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用于下列句式:
such+名詞 + as...像……一樣的, 像……之類的
such(pron.) + as...像……一樣的, 像……之類的
the same + 名詞 + as...和……同樣的
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。(as 作主語(yǔ))
This book is not such as I expect.
這不是我期望的書(shū)。(as 作賓語(yǔ))
I have the same book as he has.
我和他有同樣的書(shū)。(as 作賓語(yǔ))
題組訓(xùn)練 用 who, whom, that, which, whose, as 填空
④The house whose windows face to the north belongs to him.
⑤The man who/whom/that you met just now is my old friend.
⑥ The man who/that is walking in the playground is my old friend.
⑦ Take the book which/that is lying on the table.
⑧ She is such a girl as is always finding fault with other people.
(二)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. 關(guān)系代詞在任何情況下都不能省略。
I want to buy a dictionary, which is valuable to my learning.(which 不能省略)
我想買本字典, 字典對(duì)我的學(xué)習(xí)很有價(jià)值。
2. who(主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)), whom(賓語(yǔ)), which(主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ))不能用that 代替。
This is New York, which I have visited for several times.(which 不能用that 取代)
這就是紐約, 我來(lái)這里有好多次了。
3. which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞, 也可以是個(gè)句子。
He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.(先行詞為一句話)他又遲到了, 這使老師很不高興。
4. 關(guān)系代詞as 也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 先行詞為句子, as 在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。
As we know, China is a developing country.
我們知道, 中國(guó)是個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。
As is known to us all, China is in the east of Asia.
眾所周知, 中國(guó)在亞洲的東部。
(三)關(guān)系代詞除上面的基本用法外, 還有下列特殊用法:
1. 有時(shí)為了使表達(dá)的意思更清楚, 用“ which+名詞” 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. 他建議我躲在門后, 我立即照著做了。
2.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞常用 which 或 whom, 并且不能省略。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
他付給男孩10 美元擦洗10 扇窗戶, 這10 扇窗戶中大部分至少一年沒(méi)擦了。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person, to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上, 她沒(méi)有一個(gè)可以求助的人。
(2)在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, 當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí),
可用 that/ which(指物), that/ whom/ who(指人) 作介詞的賓語(yǔ), 而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。
This is the hero that we are proud of.
This is the hero who we are proud of.
This is the hero whom we are proud of.
This is the hero (可省略) we are proud of.
這是我們引以為榮的那個(gè)英雄。
This is the pen that I wrote the letter with.
This is the pen which I wrote the letter with.
This is the pen (可省略) I wrote the letter with.
這是我寫(xiě)信時(shí)用的那支鋼筆。
(3)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, “介詞 + which/ whom 從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能移到從句的后面。
He has visited Gu'an No.One High School for several times, in which he has many friends.(in 不能放在定語(yǔ)從句句末)
他已經(jīng)去過(guò)固安一中幾次了, 在那里他有很多朋友。
(4)“復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ) + 關(guān)系代詞 which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開(kāi), 定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里, 房子前面有一棵又大又高的樹(shù)。
(5)“介詞+which/ whom+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
The poor man has no house in which to live.
=The poor man has no house (that/which) he can live in.
=The poor man has no house in which he can live.
=The poor man has no house to live in.
那個(gè)窮人沒(méi)房子住。
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
⑨(2013 遼寧, 34) He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.
⑩Frank's dream is to have his own garden in which to produce many beautiful flowers.
(四)幾組關(guān)系詞的辨析
1. 關(guān)系代詞 that 和 which 的區(qū)別
(1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, 用關(guān)系代詞 that 不能用 which 的情況:
1) 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞 all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some 等時(shí)。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
你有什么要為自己說(shuō)的嗎?
2)當(dāng)先行詞被 the only, the very (恰恰, 正好), any, every, some, no, all, few, little, much, the right, the last, just 等詞修飾時(shí)。
This is the very bus that I'm waiting for.
這就是我正在等的公交車。
The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money.
我們唯一能做的事情就是給你一些錢。
3)當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
這是已經(jīng)用過(guò)的抗污染的最好的辦法。
This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen.
這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最有趣的電影。
4)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
這是去蘇州的最后一趟火車。
What is the first American film that you have seen?
你看過(guò)的第一部美國(guó)電影是什么?
5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
你知道他們正在談?wù)摰娜撕褪聠?
6)當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who 或which 時(shí)。
Which is the bike that you lost?
哪輛是你丟的自行車?
Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
贏得金牌的那個(gè)男孩是誰(shuí)?
7)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用which, 另外一個(gè)宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
他們偷偷地建了一家小工廠, 這家工廠生產(chǎn)可能會(huì)造成污染的東西。
8)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ), 而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是過(guò)去的那座城市了。
9)主句是there be 句型且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 用that不用which 引導(dǎo)。
There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
在那個(gè)角落還有一個(gè)座位可用。
(2)當(dāng)先行詞指事/ 物時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞用which 不用that 的情況:
1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, 只用which, 不用that。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
海倫對(duì)她最小的兒子比對(duì)其他的兒子好得多, 這當(dāng)然讓其他的兒子很嫉妒她的小兒子。
2)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞提前時(shí), 只用 which, 不用 that。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
這是魯迅曾住過(guò)的房子。
注意: 在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中, 由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割, 因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。
This is the pen (which/ that) I'm looking for.
這是我正在尋找的那支鋼筆。
不可以說(shuō): This is the pen for which I'm looking.
3)先行詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí), 只用 which, 不用 that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English.
這就是我告訴過(guò)你的那本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法書(shū), 它能幫你提高英語(yǔ)。
4)先行詞本身就是 that 時(shí), 只用 which, 不用 that。
What's that which flashed through the sky just now?
剛才在天空中一閃而過(guò)的是什么?
題組訓(xùn)練 用關(guān)系代詞that 或which 填空
[11]I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
[12]Whenever I met her, which was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
[13]All the presents that your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
[14]This is the very book that I have been looking for.
[15]He was late for the opening ceremony, which was very surprising to me.
2. 關(guān)系代詞as 和which 的區(qū)別
as 和 which 都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 先行詞為整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分內(nèi)容, 先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ), as 與which 均不可省略, 有時(shí)兩者可以互換。
He married her, as/which was natural.
他跟她結(jié)婚了, 這是很自然的事。
(1)下列情況通常只用 as 而不用 which:
1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句置于主句前面時(shí), 用 as 不用 which。
As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working.(定語(yǔ)從句在句首)你知道, 中國(guó)人民是勤勞的。
注意下面句子的多種表達(dá)方法:
眾所周知, 月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.
It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
(后兩句屬名詞性從句范疇)
題組訓(xùn)練 用as, it, what 填空
[16] What is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.
[17] It is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.
[18] As is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.
2)先行詞作主語(yǔ)且定語(yǔ)從句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 通常用 as 不用 which, 從句謂語(yǔ)通常為: ?be known, be said, be reported, be announced, be mentioned 等。如果從句是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 一般用 which 作主語(yǔ)。
She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了, 這在預(yù)料之中。
Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.
湯姆進(jìn)步很快, 這使我很高興。
另外, as 常用在下列習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中: as(it)seems likely, as(it) often happens, as(it) was printed out, as(it) was said earlier, as I remember(it), as I understand(it), as(it) appears, as is often the case, as anybody can see, as we have expected。
Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.
像往常一樣, 杰克得了一等獎(jiǎng)。
She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay.
她廣泛涉獵了浪漫主義文學(xué), 這從她的文章中可以看出來(lái)。
(2)下列情況通常用 which 而不用 as:
1)關(guān)系代詞代替前面主句中的賓語(yǔ)從句或定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。
I don't think that he will come to see me, which makes me sad.
我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)看我了, 這使我傷心。
2)which 一般用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ), 這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)。
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
湯姆一次又一次上學(xué)遲到, 這使得他的老師很生氣。
3)當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí)。
He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand.
他假裝不認(rèn)識(shí)我, 我真不明白。
4)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的be 動(dòng)詞不能省略時(shí), 用which;反之用as。
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
簡(jiǎn)告訴我她贏了這場(chǎng)比賽, 這是謊話。(was 不可省略)
As (was) planned, we met at the airport.
按照計(jì)劃, 我們?cè)跈C(jī)場(chǎng)相見(jiàn)了。(was 可省略)
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
[19] A lot of language learning, as has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
[20] There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.
三、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(一)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 要用關(guān)系副詞。其中 when = 表時(shí)間的介詞(如: in, at, on, during 等) + which; where = 表地點(diǎn)的介詞(如: in, at, on, under 等) ?+ which; why = 表原因的介詞(如: for) + which。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when= on which)
我還記得第一次來(lái)北京的那一天。
Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which)
你能告訴我他工作的辦公室嗎?
Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)
你知道他缺席的原因嗎?
此外, 當(dāng)先行詞為 situation, case, stage, point 等, 且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 也要用關(guān)系副詞where 引導(dǎo)。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
[21] (2013 江西, 33) He wrote a letter where he explained what had happened in the accident.
[22]Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
(二)where/ when = 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞(which), 有時(shí)為表達(dá)清楚, 還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when 前加介詞 from/to 等。
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
中國(guó)是風(fēng)箏的發(fā)源地吧,從這里放風(fēng)箏傳到了日本、朝鮮、泰國(guó)和印度。
(三)關(guān)系副詞 when, where 可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, 而關(guān)系副詞why 不可以。
四、注意way 和time 后接定語(yǔ)從句的情況
1. 當(dāng)先行詞是way(意為“方式, 方法”)時(shí), 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which he said it.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way that he said it.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way (不填) he said it.
讓我吃驚的不是他說(shuō)的話, 而是他說(shuō)話的方式。
注意下面兩個(gè)句子中關(guān)系詞的不同, 試比較:
The way that he explained to us was quite simple.
The way which he explained to us was quite simple.
The way (不填) he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。
The way that he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
The way in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
The way (不填) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
他向我們解釋句子的那種方式不難理解。
2. 先行詞是 time, 若 time 作“次數(shù)”講時(shí), 應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, that 可省略;若 time 作“ 一段時(shí)間” 講且作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞 when 或介詞at/during + which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. 這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問(wèn)這個(gè)國(guó)家了。
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
這是在一個(gè)沒(méi)有收音機(jī)、沒(méi)有電話, 也沒(méi)有電視的時(shí)期。
題組訓(xùn)練 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞或“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”填空
[23]I don't like the way that/in which he laughs at her.
[24]This is the second time that I have been here.
[25]Can you still remember the time that/which we spent together in our childhood?
[26]The first time that he saw her, he fell in love with her.
五、定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的比較
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞除了起連接主句和從句的作用外, 它們還有一個(gè)最重要的作用, 那就是它們分別在定語(yǔ)從句中作成分。具體地說(shuō), 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ), 而關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。因此, 在選擇關(guān)系詞時(shí), 最重要的是分析一下定語(yǔ)從句中所缺的成分, 若從句中缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ), 那么需用關(guān)系代詞;若從句中缺狀語(yǔ), 那么需用關(guān)系副詞。
試比較下面的句子:
(1)Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao? 你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u度過(guò)的日子嗎?
(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u過(guò)暑假的日子嗎?
在句(1)中, 定語(yǔ)從句中缺賓語(yǔ), 因此可用關(guān)系代詞 that/which 來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句, 也可省略;
在句(2)中, 定語(yǔ)從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 因此需用關(guān)系副詞when 來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。
題組訓(xùn)練 用that, when, why, where, which 填空
[27]I want to know the date when you were born.
[28]I have forgotten the date that/which you told me.
[29]Do you know the reason why he is absent today?
[30]That is the reason that/which I want to know.
[31] (2013 北京, 27)Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected.
[32]This is the factory that/which his father built.
