Day 16

1.Phi Beta Kappa

ΦβK 聯(lián)誼會（美國大學(xué)高材生組織）、美國大學(xué)優(yōu)等生榮譽學(xué)會、斐陶斐榮譽學(xué)會

The Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States, with 286 active chapters. Widely considered to be the nation's most prestigious honor society, Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities. Founded at The College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776, as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity, it was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies and remains the oldest existing American academic honor society. Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ) stands for Φιλοσοφ?α Β?ου Κυβερν?τη? or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, which means "Love of learning is the guide of life" or "Philosophy is the governor of one's life."

2. Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales

比智力測驗；史丹福比奈

The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales (or more commonly the Stanford-Binet) is an individually administered intelligence test that was revised from the original Binet-Simon Scale by Lewis M. Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale is now in its fifth edition (SB5) and was released in 2003. It is a cognitive ability and intelligence test that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children. The test measures five weighted factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal subtests. The five factors being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning.

The development of the Stanford–Binet initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of an adaptive test. The test originated in France, then was revised in the United States. It was initially created by the French psychologist Alfred Binet, who, following the introduction of a law mandating universal education by the French government, began developing a method of identifying "slow" children for their placement in special education programs (rather than removing them to asylums as "sick"). As Binet indicated, case studies might be more detailed and helpful, but the time required to test many people would be excessive. In 1916, at Stanford University, the psychologist Lewis Terman released a revised examination which became known as the "Stanford–Binet test".

3. Rhett Butler ; Scarlett O’Hara Gone with the Wind

With enough courage, you can do without a reputation.

4. Appointment in Samara

Appointment In Samarra, published in 1934, is the first novel by American writer John O'Hara (1905 – 1970). It concerns the self-destruction and suicide of the fictional character Julian English, a wealthy car dealer who was once a member of the social elite of Gibbsville (O'Hara's fictionalized version of Pottsville, Pennsylvania). The book created controversy due to O'Hara's inclusion of sexual content.

The title is a reference to W. Somerset Maugham's retelling of an ancient Mesopotamian tale,[2] which appears as an epigraph for the novel: A merchant in Baghdad sends his servant to the marketplace for provisions. Soon afterward, the servant comes home white and trembling and tells him that in the marketplace he was jostled by a woman, whom he recognized as Death, and she made a threatening gesture. Borrowing the merchant's horse, he flees at great speed to Samarra, a distance of about 75 miles (125 km), where he believes Death will not find him. The merchant then goes to the marketplace and finds Death, and asks why she made the threatening gesture. She replies, "That was not a threatening gesture, it was only a start of surprise. I was astonished to see him in Baghdad, for I had an appointment with him tonight in Samarra."

In his foreword to the 1952 reprint[citation needed], O'Hara says that the working title for the novel was The Infernal Grove. He got the idea for the title Appointment In Samarra when Dorothy Parker showed him the story in Maugham's play, Sheppey. He says "Dorothy didn't like the title, [publisher] Alfred Harcourt didn't like the title, his editors didn't like it, nobody liked it but me." O'Hara describes it as a reference to "the inevitability of Julian English's death."

奧薩馬·本·拉登藏身之處顯然為了保密而與外界斷開聯(lián)絡(luò)。但是這個漏洞反而吸引了本應(yīng)該沒有的注意力。Steve Mirsky報道。這個故事稱為“薩馬拉之約”。巴格達一位商人派他的仆人去買糧食。在市場的時候，仆人撞見了死神，而且死神還做了威脅的手勢。仆人跑回商人家，為了安全借了一匹馬逃到薩馬拉。這是一個有關(guān)人無法逃避命運的Somerset Maughan版本寓言，由死神來敘述：“之后商人來到市場，他看見我站在人群中，于是走過來問我：‘為什么今天早上你看見我仆人的時候要對他做出威脅的手勢來呢？’‘那并不是威脅的手勢，’我說道，‘那只是驚訝的反應(yīng)而已。我對在巴格達看見他很吃驚，因為我跟他約定今晚在薩馬拉見面。’”我想起這個故事源于奧薩馬·本·拉登被擊斃的一個細節(jié)：他的藏身之處沒有電話和因特網(wǎng)服務(wù)。這大概是為了盡可能的減少因為與外界聯(lián)絡(luò)而暴露的危險。但是，因為力求避免引人注目而導(dǎo)致這些現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的非常缺乏，反而引發(fā)了注意。從而注定了當(dāng)局最終會找到他（使得當(dāng)局能夠保持對他的長期約定）。--Steve Mirsky

5. Charles George Gordon

Major General Charles George Gordon CB (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885), also known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha, and Gordon of Khartoum, was a British Army officer and administrator.

He saw action in the Crimean War as an officer in the British Army. But he made his military reputation in China, where he was placed in command of the "Ever Victorious Army," a force of Chinese soldiers led by European officers. In the early 1860s, Gordon and his men were instrumental in putting down the Taiping Rebellion, regularly defeating much larger forces. For these accomplishments, he was given the nickname "Chinese Gordon" and honours from both the Emperor of China and the British.

He entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt in 1873 (with British government approval) and later became the Governor-General of the Sudan, where he did much to suppress revolts and the slave trade. Exhausted, he resigned and returned to Europe in 1880.

A serious revolt then broke out in the Sudan, led by a Muslim religious leader and self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. In early 1884 Gordon had been sent to Khartoum with instructions to secure the evacuation of loyal soldiers and civilians and to depart with them. However, after evacuating about 2,500 British civilians, in defiance of those instructions, he retained a smaller group of soldiers and non-military men. In the buildup to battle, the two leaders corresponded, each attempting to convert the other to his faith, but neither would accede. Besieged by the Mahdi's forces, Gordon organized a citywide defence lasting almost a year that gained him the admiration of the British public, but not of the government, which had wished him not to become entrenched. Only when public pressure to act had become irresistible did the government, with reluctance, send a relief force. It arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed.