一、人稱代詞
1. 人稱代詞不同的格在句中有不同的句法功能: 人稱代詞的主格作主語或表語; 賓格可作賓語也可作表語或同位語。
He would drown his sadness in coffee.(主格作主語)
他會借咖啡來澆愁。
Thank you for your letter.(賓格作及物動詞的賓語)
謝謝你的來信。
I bought a present for him.(賓格作介詞賓語)
我給他買了件禮物。
Hi, it's me.(賓格作表語)
你好, 是我。
2. 在沒有謂語動詞的句子中, 人稱代詞常用賓格。
—Glad to meet you.——見到你很高興。
—Me, too.——我也是(見到你很高興)。
題組訓練用人稱代詞填空
①(2015江蘇, 23)—Jim, can you work this Sunday?
—Why me ?I've been working for two weeks on end.
②On my desk is a photo that my father took of me when I was a baby.
二、物主代詞
1. 形容詞性物主代詞
形容詞性物主代詞相當于形容詞。置于名詞之前, 作定語。
Is this your seat, sir?
這是你的座位嗎, 先生?
The government has changed its policy.
政府已經改變了政策。
2. 名詞性物主代詞
名詞性物主代詞相當于“形容詞性物主代詞 + 名詞”, 在句中作主語、表語、賓語。
This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.(作主語)
這不是我的字典, 我的借給露西了。
This camera is mine and that is yours.(作表語)
這部照相機是我的, 那部是你的。
Every person showed his ticket, and I showed mine too.(作賓語)
每個人都出示了票, 我也出示了我的。
題組訓練用物主代詞填空
③—Tom, my (I)bike is broken. Would you please lend yours (you)to me?
—Sorry. Mine (I)has been taken by Jack. You can ask him if you like.
④This is our room, and yours (you)is just across the hall.
三、反身代詞
反身代詞的基本用法
反身代詞
作賓語
動賓:
Tom taught himself Chinese.
湯姆自學了漢語。
介賓:
You can't leave the baby by himself.
你不能把孩子獨自留在那里。
作表語:
She is not quite herself today.
她今天不在狀態。
作同位語:
I myself can repair the bike.
我自己能修那輛自行車。
題組訓練用反身代詞填空
⑤I don't believe you. Did you see it yourself ?
⑥It is not his fault. I cut myself with a knife.
⑦We should be independent of our parents. We should depend on ourselves .
四、疑問代詞
what的習慣用法
(1)注意what與下列黑體名詞的搭配。
What is
the population of China? 中國人口是多少?
the distance? 距離有多遠?
the price? 價格是多少?
your address? 你住在哪里?
your attitude? 你的態度怎樣?
the height/weight/depth/length/width/size?
高度/重量/深度/長度/寬度/大小是多少?
(2)What...for?和What for?用于詢問原因和目的。
—What did you put it into the soup for?
——你為什么把那東西放到湯里去?
—It would improve the taste.——那會使湯的味道更好。
—I'm going to the grocery store.
——我打算去食品雜貨店。
—What for?We still have enough food in the fridge.
——為什么?我們的冰箱里還有足夠的食物。
(3)What if...?表示假設、建議、征求意見或疑慮。
What if it rains while we are on the way?
要是我們在途中時天下雨怎么辦?
(4)What do you mean(by...)?表示憤怒、不滿等情緒。
What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?
你關門這么大聲音是什么意思?
(5)What/How about...?用于征求對方意見、詢問對方的情況。
—We need one more player.
——我們還需一個隊員。
—What about Elaine?She is a very nice girl.
——伊萊恩怎么樣?她是個不錯的姑娘。
(6)疑問詞what構成的習慣用語。
So what?
那又怎么樣呢?(表示不感興趣或認為不重要)
Guess what?
你猜怎么著?(用以引起他人的注意)
What next?(店員用語)還要什么?
Like what? 比如說?舉個例子吧!
What then?=Then what?下一步怎么辦? 那會怎么樣呢?
五、不定代詞
(一)both, all, either, any, neither, none的區別
I've bought two books; you can have either.
我買了兩本書, 你要哪本都行。
None of this money is mine.
這筆錢沒有一點是我的。
題組訓練用適當的代詞填空
⑧He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found either of them again.
⑨(2015福建, 21)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions.
(二)one, another, the other, some, others, the others的區別
注意:
1. the other后通常加可數名詞(單數或復數), 一般不能加不可數名詞; 短語the rest of(剩余的)后既可以加可數名詞(單數或復數), 也可以加不可數名詞; else只能放在不定代詞或特殊疑問詞后。
—What did you do last weekend?
—Oh, nothing else.
——上周末你做什么了?
——哦, 沒做什么。
2. 體會下列句子中黑體詞的用法
①I have two books: one is English, and
{
the other(one)
one
}
is French.
我有兩本書。一本是英語書, 一本是法語書。
②He will stay here for
{
another three
three other
three more
}
days.
他在這里還要待上3天。
③There are many books on the table: some are English;
{
the others
the rest
}
are French.
桌子上有很多書。一些是英語書, 剩下的是法語書。
④He'll be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.
他的余生將在輪椅上度過。
⑤Would you please make it
{
some other day
another day
}
?
你能改天嗎?
⑥I saw him in London the other day/week/month. 我幾天/周/個月前在倫敦見過他。(=a few days/weeks/months ago)
⑦He has no other close friends like John.
他沒有別的像約翰那樣親密的朋友了。
⑧If this dictionary is not yours, who else's can it be?
如果這本字典不是你的, 會是誰的呢?
題組訓練用another或the other填空
⑩We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let's have another one this month.
[11]He raised one arm and then the other.
(三)none, nobody/no one, nothing的區別
1.
—How much money do you have ?
—None.
——你有多少錢?
—— 一點也沒有。
If I had some money, I would lend him some, but unfortunately, I have none.(none=not any money)
如果我有錢的話, 我就借給他了, 但遺憾的是, 我沒錢。
I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment.(no one=not anyone)
我希望當時有人能幫我, 但當時沒有人。
2. none后面可跟of短語, 而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one卻不能。
As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.
由于我們都睡著了, 因此我們當中沒人聽到那個聲音。
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret.
他們當中沒人知道那項計劃, 因為那還是一個秘密。
題組訓練用none, nobody(no one), nothing填空
[12] (2013江西, 23) No one/Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn't love it.
[13]Swimming is my favorite sport. There is nothing like swimming as a means of keeping fit.
[14]—Wow!You've got so many clothes.
—But none of them are in fashion now.
[15]?I couldn't just stand by and do nothing .
(四)many, much, few, little, a few, a little 的區別
注意: only a few=few; only a little=little; quite a few =many; quite a little=much。
題組訓練用many, much, few, little, a few, a little完成下列句子
[16]Many (很多)people don't have much (很多)food.
[17]Many (很多)of the mistakes were just caused by carelessness.
[18]Few (很少)people can live to be 100 years old.
[19]You have done very little (很少)for me.
[20]Come in and have a little (一點)whisky.
[21]She has written many books but I've only read a few (少數).
(五)one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的區別
We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose one(=a summer camp)based on your own interests. 我們為您的假期提供了各種各樣的夏令營, 您可以根據自己的興趣選擇一種。(one代替“a/an + 單數名詞”)
Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones(=presents)that I had never seen.
張先生給了我很多珍貴的禮物, 這些(禮物)是我從來沒見過的。(ones代替“零冠詞 + 復數名詞”)
The book on the desk is better than the one/that(=the book)under the desk. 桌上的那本書比桌下的
那本書要好。(the one/that代替“the + 單數名詞”)
The books on the desk are better than the ones/those(=the books)under the desk. 桌上的那些書比桌下的那些書好。(the ones/those代替“the + 復數名詞”)
Little joy can equal that(=the joy)of a surprising ending when you read stories.
幾乎沒有什么樂趣能比得上在閱讀故事時讀到一個出乎意料的結局時的樂趣。(that代替“the + 不可數名詞”)
題組訓練用適當的代詞填空
[22]I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city.
[23]Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.
(六)含復合不定代詞的習慣用語
He is nothing but a clerk. 他只是一名職員。
He is anything but a clerk. 他根本不是一名職員。
She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives.
可以說她是一位醫生。她救了很多人的命。
He might be a scientist or something.
他大概是科學家之類的人物。
Your house is something like ours.
你們的房子有點像我們的。
They get something like 97% renewals every year.
他們每年大約有97%的用戶續訂。
題組訓練用anything, nothing填空
[24]She's always trying to get something for nothing .
[25]They work very hard. They are anything but lazybones.
[26]The visit is boring. It is nothing but a waste of time.
(七)全部否定和部分否定
all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every + 名詞”都表示全部肯定;
no one, none, nobody, nothing, not... any以及“no + 名詞”都表示全部否定;
當not出現在含有表示全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中時, 不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外, not與總括性副詞如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等連用時也表示部分否定。
Not all of them smoke.=All of them don't smoke.
他們當中不是所有的人都抽煙。
All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem. 這些男孩都很聰明, 但他們當中沒有一個能解出這道題。
Such a thing can't be found everywhere.
這種事并非到處可見。
六、it的用法
1. 指代上文提到的某樣東西
Where is my dictionary?I left it right on the desk.
我的字典哪里去了?我就把它放在桌子上了。
2. 用以代替指示代詞this, that
—What's this?——這是什么?
—It's a flag.——是一面旗。
—Whose exercise book is that?——那是誰的練習本?
—It's hers.——是她的。
3. 指不知性別的嬰兒(baby)或身份不明確的人(由于某種原因而不知對方是誰)
The baby cried because it was hungry.
嬰兒因饑餓而啼哭。
—Who is knocking at the door?——誰在敲門?
—It's me.——是我。
4. 指時間、天氣、距離等
It is nine o'clock sharp now. 現在是9點整。
It is raining hard outside. 外面雨下得正大。
It is a long way to the factory.
到工廠有很長一段路。
5. 作形式主語或形式賓語
it常用來代替不定式、動名詞短語或名詞性從句作形式主語或形式賓語而將真正的主語或賓語后置。
It's not easy to learn a foreign language.(作形式主語, 代替不定式短語)
學習一門外語不容易。
It's impossible for him to get there in time.(作形式主語, 代替不定式結構)
他不可能及時到達那里。
It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.(作形式主語, 代替動名詞短語)
獨居不和外人來往是沒有好處的。
I find it easy to get on with Jim.(作形式賓語, 代替不定式短語)
我發現同吉姆相處很容易。
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.(作形式賓語, 代替名詞性從句)
我已經講得很清楚, 任何人都不準在這兒吸煙。
題組訓練用it作形式主語或形式賓語補全下列句子
[27]我認為我們開這個會是必要的。
I think it(is)necessary that we have the meeting.
[28]眾所周知, 在世界上中國人口最多。
It is well known that China has the largest population in the world.
[29]據說他們都去看電影了。
It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.
6. 強調句型
(1)強調句型的陳述句形式: It is/was/might be + 被強調部分 + that/who + 其他成分。被強調部分為“人”時可用who/that, 被強調部分是“事物”時用that。
It is I who/that am right.(強調主語)
It was him that/who we met at the school gate.(強調賓語)
It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(強調狀語)
It might be his father that/who you're thinking of.
你牽掛的可能是他父親。
(2)強調句型的一般疑問句形式: Is/Was it + 被強調部分 + that/who + 其他成分?
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大戰是在1939年爆發的嗎?
(3)強調句型的特殊疑問句形式: 特殊疑問詞 + is/was it that + 其他成分?
Who was it that broke the window?
打破窗戶的是誰?
(4)not... until... 結構的強調句型。
其強調句式為: It is/was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其他成分。
He didn't go to bed until ten o'clock.
→It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed.
直到10點他才上床睡覺。
I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘掉墨鏡我才認出她是一個著名影星。
題組訓練根據句子意思填空
[30] (2014四川, 3)Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry?
[31] (2013課標II, 10)It was only after he had read the papers that Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
[32] (2012湖南, 30)It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
[33] It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village that the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.
