概述

本文介紹如何利用Python的來實現具有多個隱藏層的圖片分類問題。通過這次建立的多層神經網絡模型，可以將之前的貓分類問題的準確率提升到80%。
要點：
1. 使用非線性映射單元（例如ReLU）去改善你的模型。
2. 建立一個多個隱藏層的神經網絡
3. 創建一個易于調用的模型類

準備

import time
import numpy as np
import h5py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy
from PIL import Image
from scipy import ndimage
from testCases_v2 import *
from dnn_utils_v2 import sigmoid, sigmoid_backward, relu, relu_backward

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

np.random.seed(1)

一個神經網絡的計算過程如下:

• 初始化網絡參數，雙隱藏層和L層神經網絡模型

• 前向傳播

  • 計算正向傳播的線性求和部分。線性部分即Z=WX+b這部分，輸出部分就是A,就是將線性部分的結果輸入到激活函數所產生的結果。
  • 采用RELU或者sigmoid激活函數計算結果值（ReLU使用L-1次，Sigmod使用1次）。
  • 聯合上述兩個步驟，進行前向傳播操作[LINEAR->ACTIVATION]
    對輸出層之前的L-1層，做L-1次的前向傳播 [LINEAR->RELU] ，并將結果輸出到第L層[LINEAR->SIGMOID]。所以在前面L-1層我們的激活函數是RELU，在輸出層我們的激活函數是sigmoid。

• 計算損失函數

• 反向傳播

  • 計算反向傳播的線性求和部分
  • 計算激活函數的梯度
  • 結合線性部分與激活函數的反向傳播公式

• 更新參數

整個流程圖如下所示：

初始化

對于一個兩層的神經網絡結構而言，模型結構是線性->ReLU->線性->sigmod函數。
初始化函數如下：

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters

def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
    """
    Argument:
    n_x -- size of the input layer
    n_h -- size of the hidden layer
    n_y -- size of the output layer
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters:
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, n_x)
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)
                    W2 -- weight matrix of shape (n_y, n_h)
                    b2 -- bias vector of shape (n_y, 1)
    """
    
    np.random.seed(1)
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)
    W1 = np.random.randn(n_h, n_x)*0.01
    b1 = np.zeros((n_h,1))
    W2 = np.random.randn(n_y,n_h)*0.01
    b2 = np.zeros((n_y,1))
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert(W1.shape == (n_h, n_x))
    assert(b1.shape == (n_h, 1))
    assert(W2.shape == (n_y, n_h))
    assert(b2.shape == (n_y, 1))
    
    parameters = {"W1": W1,
                  "b1": b1,
                  "W2": W2,
                  "b2": b2}
    
    return parameters    

對于一個L層的神經網絡的初始化：
對于L層的神經網絡由于涉及到很多的權重矩陣和偏移矩陣顯得更加復雜。要特別注意的是矩陣之間的尺寸匹配。n^[l]表示 l層的神經元數量。例如輸入X 的尺寸是 (12288,209) (m=209表示樣本數) ：

對于L層模型：

• 模型結構： [LINEAR -> RELU] × (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID。所以 L?1 層是需要用到 ReLU激活函數的。輸出層用的是sigmoid函數。
• 權重矩陣采用仍舊是隨機化初始化的方式： np.random.rand(shape) * 0.01
• 偏移矩陣仍舊是0矩陣進行處初始化： np.zeros(shape).
• 我們將每層的神經元數量n^[l]信息進行存儲，layer_dims。例如在平面數據分類模型中 layer_dims 的值是[2,4,1]，其中輸入層的神經元個數是2，隱藏層的神經元個數是4，輸出層的神經元個數是1。對應的 W1尺寸= (4,2), b1尺寸= (4,1), W2尺寸= (1,4) ， b2 尺寸= (1,1)。

初始化函數如下：

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_deep

def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the dimensions of each layer in our network
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
                    Wl -- weight matrix of shape (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1])
                    bl -- bias vector of shape (layer_dims[l], 1)
    """
    
    np.random.seed(3)
    parameters = {}
    L = len(layer_dims)            # number of layers in the network
 
    for l in range(1, L):
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]) * 0.01
        parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[l], 1))
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        assert(parameters['W' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]))
        assert(parameters['b' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], 1))
    return parameters

前向傳播函數

前向傳播中，線性部分計算如下：Z^[l]=W^[l]A^[l-1]+b^[l]，其中 A^[0]=X.

# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_forward

def linear_forward(A, W, b):
    """
    Implement the linear part of a layer's forward propagation.

    Arguments:
    A -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)
    W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)
    b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)

    Returns:
    Z -- the input of the activation function, also called pre-activation parameter 
    cache -- a python dictionary containing "A", "W" and "b" ; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
    """
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
    Z = np.dot(W,A)+b
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert(Z.shape == (W.shape[0], A.shape[1]))
    cache = (A, W, b)
    
    return Z, cache

線性激活函數如下：
本文用到兩個激活函數：

Sigmoid：在這個步驟我們需要兩個結果，一個是激活函數的結果值，另一個是包含”Z” 的”cache“值 ，這個我們在后向傳播過程需要用到。

A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)

ReLU：同樣結果值有兩部分，其一是激活函數結果值 “A” ，另一個是包含”Z“的 “cache“值。

A, activation_cache = relu(Z)

代碼如下

# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_activation_forward

def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):
    """
    Implement the forward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer

    Arguments:
    A_prev -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)
    W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)
    b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)
    activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu"

    Returns:
    A -- the output of the activation function, also called the post-activation value 
    cache -- a python dictionary containing "linear_cache" and "activation_cache";
             stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
    """
    
    if activation == "sigmoid":
        # Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev,W,b)
        A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    elif activation == "relu":
        # Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev,W,b)
        A, activation_cache = relu(Z)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert (A.shape == (W.shape[0], A_prev.shape[1]))
    cache = (linear_cache, activation_cache)

    return A, cache

多層模型的前向傳播計算模型如下：

Tips:

• 復用此前的代碼
• 循環 [LINEAR->RELU] (L-1) 次
• 注意保持 “caches” 中的數據。

def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
    """
    Implement forward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID computation
    
    Arguments:
    X -- data, numpy array of shape (input size, number of examples)
    parameters -- output of initialize_parameters_deep()
    
    Returns:
    AL -- last post-activation value
    caches -- list of caches containing:
                every cache of linear_relu_forward() (there are L-1 of them, indexed from 0 to L-2)
                the cache of linear_sigmoid_forward() (there is one, indexed L-1)
    """
 
    caches = []
    A = X
    L = len(parameters) // 2                  # number of layers in the neural network
    
    # Implement [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1). Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
    for l in range(1, L):
        A_prev = A 
        A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, parameters['W' + str(l)], parameters['b' + str(l)], "relu")
        caches.append(cache)
    
    # Implement LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
    AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, parameters['W' + str(L)], parameters['b' + str(L)], "sigmoid")
    caches.append(cache)
    assert(AL.shape == (1,X.shape[1]))
    return AL, caches

計算代價函數

代價函數計算公式如下：

# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_cost

def compute_cost(AL, Y):
    """
    Implement the cost function defined by equation (7).

    Arguments:
    AL -- probability vector corresponding to your label predictions, shape (1, number of examples)
    Y -- true "label" vector (for example: containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat), shape (1, number of examples)

    Returns:
    cost -- cross-entropy cost
    """
    
    m = Y.shape[1]

    # Compute loss from aL and y.
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 lines of code)
    cost = -np.sum(Y*np.log(AL)+(1-Y)*np.log(1-AL))/m
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    cost = np.squeeze(cost)      # To make sure your cost's shape is what we expect (e.g. this turns [[17]] into 17).
    assert(cost.shape == ())
    
    return cost

反向傳播

神經網絡傳播結構圖如下：

前向傳播和后向傳播：LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID 。紫色模塊表示前向傳播, 紅色模塊表示反向傳播

對于線性的部分，反向傳播的公式如下：

類似地，后向傳播模塊的建立分以下三個步驟：

• 后向LINEAR（Linear backward）
• ReLU 或者 sigmoid 激活函數的后向LINEAR -> ACTIVATION
• [LINEAR -> RELU] × (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID backward (whole model)

實現函數如下：

# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_backward

def linear_backward(dZ, cache):
    """
    Implement the linear portion of backward propagation for a single layer (layer l)

    Arguments:
    dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the linear output (of current layer l)
    cache -- tuple of values (A_prev, W, b) coming from the forward propagation in the current layer

    Returns:
    dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
    dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
    db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
    """
    A_prev, W, b = cache
    m = A_prev.shape[1]

    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
    dW = np.dot(dZ,A_prev.T)/m
    db = np.sum(dZ, axis=1, keepdims=True)/m
    dA_prev = np.dot(W.T,dZ)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert (dA_prev.shape == A_prev.shape)
    assert (dW.shape == W.shape)
    assert (db.shape == b.shape)
    
    
    return dA_prev, dW, db

接下來，我們需要計算激活函數的反向傳播函數：

定義兩個函數：

sigmoid_backward:用以計算 SIGMOID單元

dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)#其用到的cache值是Z值
1

relu_backward:用以計算RELU的 backward propagation

dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)

對于 g(.)的激活函數：
sigmoid_backward 和relu_backward 的計算：dZ^[l]=dA^[l]?g′(Z^[l])

# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_activation_backward

def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):
    """
    Implement the backward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer.
    
    Arguments:
    dA -- post-activation gradient for current layer l 
    cache -- tuple of values (linear_cache, activation_cache) we store for computing backward propagation efficiently
    activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu"
    
    Returns:
    dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
    dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
    db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
    """
    linear_cache, activation_cache = cache
    
    if activation == "relu":
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        dZ = relu_backward(dA,activation_cache)
        dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
    elif activation == "sigmoid":
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA,activation_cache)
        dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    return dA_prev, dW, db

對于L層神經網絡，其反向傳播函數如下：

def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
    """
    Implement the backward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU] * (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID group
    
    Arguments:
    AL -- probability vector, output of the forward propagation (L_model_forward())
    Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat)
    caches -- list of caches containing:
                every cache of linear_activation_forward() with "relu" (it's caches[l], for l in range(L-1) i.e l = 0...L-2)
                the cache of linear_activation_forward() with "sigmoid" (it's caches[L-1])
    
    Returns:
    grads -- A dictionary with the gradients
             grads["dA" + str(l)] = ... 
             grads["dW" + str(l)] = ...
             grads["db" + str(l)] = ... 
    """
    grads = {}
    L = len(caches) # the number of layers
    m = AL.shape[1]
    Y = Y.reshape(AL.shape) # after this line, Y is the same shape as AL
    
    # Initializing the backpropagation
    ### START CODE HERE ### (1 line of code)
    dAL = - (np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - AL))
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    # Lth layer (SIGMOID -> LINEAR) gradients. Inputs: "AL, Y, caches". Outputs: "grads["dAL"], grads["dWL"], grads["dbL"]
    ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 2 lines)
    current_cache = caches[L-1]
    grads["dA" + str(L)], grads["dW" + str(L)], grads["db" + str(L)] = linear_activation_backward(dAL, current_cache, "sigmoid")
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    for l in reversed(range(L-1)):
        # lth layer: (RELU -> LINEAR) gradients.
        # Inputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 2)], caches". Outputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] , grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] , grads["db" + str(l + 1)] 
        ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 5 lines)
        current_cache = caches[l]
        dA_prev_temp, dW_temp, db_temp = linear_activation_backward(grads["dA" + str(l + 2)], current_cache, "relu")
        grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] = dA_prev_temp
        grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] = dW_temp
        grads["db" + str(l + 1)] = db_temp
        ### END CODE HERE ###
 
    return grads

更新參數

參數更新公式如下：

實現過程如下

# GRADED FUNCTION: update_parameters

def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
    """
    Update parameters using gradient descent
    
    Arguments:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters 
    grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients, output of L_model_backward
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your updated parameters 
                  parameters["W" + str(l)] = ... 
                  parameters["b" + str(l)] = ...
    """
    
    L = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network

    # Update rule for each parameter. Use a for loop.
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
    for l in range(L):
        parameters["W"+str(l+1)] = parameters["W"+str(l+1)]-learning_rate*grads["dW"+str(l+1)]
        parameters["b"+str(l+1)] = parameters["b"+str(l+1)]-learning_rate*grads["db"+str(l+1)]
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    return parameters

至此為止已經實現該神經網絡中所有需要的函數。將這些方法組合在一起，構成一個神經網絡類，可以方便的使用。

兩層神經網絡模型

一個兩層的神經網絡模型圖如下：

定義常量：

### CONSTANTS DEFINING THE MODEL ####
n_x = 12288     # num_px * num_px * 3
n_h = 7
n_y = 1
layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y)

兩層網絡模型：

# GRADED FUNCTION: two_layer_model

def two_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):
    """
    Implements a two-layer neural network: LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID.
    
    Arguments:
    X -- input data, of shape (n_x, number of examples)
    Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
    layers_dims -- dimensions of the layers (n_x, n_h, n_y)
    num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
    learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
    print_cost -- If set to True, this will print the cost every 100 iterations 
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- a dictionary containing W1, W2, b1, and b2
    """
    
    np.random.seed(1)
    grads = {}
    costs = []                              # to keep track of the cost
    m = X.shape[1]                           # number of examples
    (n_x, n_h, n_y) = layers_dims
    
    # Initialize parameters dictionary, by calling one of the functions you'd previously implemented
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
    parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    # Get W1, b1, W2 and b2 from the dictionary parameters.
    W1 = parameters["W1"]
    b1 = parameters["b1"]
    W2 = parameters["W2"]
    b2 = parameters["b2"]
    
    # Loop (gradient descent)

    for i in range(0, num_iterations):

        # Forward propagation: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Inputs: "X, W1, b1". Output: "A1, cache1, A2, cache2".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        A1, cache1 = linear_activation_forward(X, W1, b1, "relu")
        A2, cache2 = linear_activation_forward(A1, W2, b2, "sigmoid")
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
        # Compute cost
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        cost = compute_cost(A2, Y)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
        # Initializing backward propagation
        dA2 = - (np.divide(Y, A2) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - A2))
        
        # Backward propagation. Inputs: "dA2, cache2, cache1". Outputs: "dA1, dW2, db2; also dA0 (not used), dW1, db1".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        dA1, dW2, db2 = linear_activation_backward(dA2, cache2, "sigmoid")
        dA0, dW1, db1 = linear_activation_backward(dA1, cache1, "relu")
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
        # Set grads['dWl'] to dW1, grads['db1'] to db1, grads['dW2'] to dW2, grads['db2'] to db2
        grads['dW1'] = dW1
        grads['db1'] = db1
        grads['dW2'] = dW2
        grads['db2'] = db2
        
        # Update parameters.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 1 line of code)
        parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2 from parameters
        W1 = parameters["W1"]
        b1 = parameters["b1"]
        W2 = parameters["W2"]
        b2 = parameters["b2"]
        
        # Print the cost every 100 training example
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            print("Cost after iteration {}: {}".format(i, np.squeeze(cost)))
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            costs.append(cost)
       
    # plot the cost

    plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
    plt.ylabel('cost')
    plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
    plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
    plt.show()
    
    return parameters

訓練一下看看吧：

parameters = two_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y), num_iterations = 2500, print_cost=True)

預測函數的實現如下：

def predict(X, y, parameters):
    """
    This function is used to predict the results of a  L-layer neural network.
    
    Arguments:
    X -- data set of examples you would like to label
    parameters -- parameters of the trained model
    
    Returns:
    p -- predictions for the given dataset X
    """
    
    m = X.shape[1]
    n = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network
    p = np.zeros((1,m))
    
    # Forward propagation
    probas, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
 
    
    # convert probas to 0/1 predictions
    for i in range(0, probas.shape[1]):
        if probas[0,i] > 0.5:
            p[0,i] = 1
        else:
            p[0,i] = 0
    
    print("Accuracy: "  + str(float(np.sum((p == y))/m)))
        
    return p

對于訓練集：

predictions_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)

對于測試集：

predictions_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)

多層神經網絡

一個多層的神經網絡模型如下：

常量初始化：

### CONSTANTS ###
layers_dims = [12288, 20, 7, 5, 1] #  5-layer model

L層神經網絡模型：

def L_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):#lr was 0.009
    """
    Implements a L-layer neural network: [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID.

    Arguments:
    X -- data, numpy array of shape (number of examples, num_px * num_px * 3)
    Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
    layers_dims -- list containing the input size and each layer size, of length (number of layers + 1).
    learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
    num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
    print_cost -- if True, it prints the cost every 100 steps

    Returns:
    parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
    """

    np.random.seed(1)
    costs = []                         # keep track of cost

    # Parameters initialization.
    ### START CODE HERE ###
    parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims)#參數初始化
    ### END CODE HERE ###

    # Loop (gradient descent)
    for i in range(0, num_iterations):

        # Forward propagation: [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Compute cost.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        cost = compute_cost(AL, Y)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Backward propagation.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        grads = L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Update parameters.
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
        parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
        ### END CODE HERE ###

        # Print the cost every 100 training example
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))
        if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
            costs.append(cost)

    # plot the cost
    plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
    plt.ylabel('cost')
    plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
    plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
    plt.show()

    return parameters

訓練一下看看吧：

parameters = L_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims, num_iterations = 2500, print_cost = True)