寫在前面：
邏輯比單詞重要，結構比意思重要
Agencies responsible for protecting natural resources too often issue permits allowing exploitation of those resources, a process that remains obscure given that agencies have become experts at masking their decisions in the scientific terms.
對保護自然資源有責任的機構太經常給出允許開發資源的許可，這種做法仍然保持模糊，使得這些機構在科學角度上閃爍其詞成了專家。
*issue：發出，動詞
*permits：許可證復數，名詞
Scholars have marveled over the erudition that Shakespeare displays in his works, noting that such broad learning is all the more remarkable given that books were relatively scarce in Shakespeare’s time.
不少學者被莎士比亞戲劇中展現出來的博學而表示驚訝。他們表示，在莎士比亞的那個極度缺乏書籍的時期，能夠學到如此豐富的學識是十分難得的。
*all the more：更加
*given that：狀語，描述背景
Nylenna’s study showed that errors in scientific manuscripts submitted for publication often escape reviewers’ notice results that were not anomalous: when Godlee conducted a study of the same phenomenon, her findings were similar.
Nylenna?的研究表明提交出版的科學手稿中的錯誤經常讓審稿人注意不到，這種結果并不反常:當?Godlee?做相同現象的研究時，她的發現是相似的。
To label Hamilton a foreigner because he was born outside what later became the United States is to assume anachronistically the existence of the nation before the fact. It is true that Hamilton came to believe that he was a stranger the United States, but his alienation was stemmed not from his birthplace but from his confrontation with American democracy, which he considered to be a disease afflicting the nation.
因為?H?出生在后來的美國領土之外就將他打上外國人的標簽也就是時間上錯誤地認為了這個國家的存在先于他的出生。確實?H?開始相信他是一個美國的外地人，但是他的疏遠并不是源于他的出生地而是源于他對抗美國的民主， 因為他把民主當成了毀壞這個國家的一種病害。
Scholarly works on detective stories often begin with apologies, suggesting that there is something vaguely wrong with adults who spend their time reading such fiction and certainly something awry in those who devote energy to its analysis.
那些偵探小說中的學術級作品通暢都是以道歉開頭的，指出那些看這類書籍的達人們可能有點問題，并且一定是有什么東西歪曲了他們的想法才導致他們費盡心思去分析。
Benjamin Franklin’s reputation is so much one of appearing scientific investigation with commonsense empiricism that it is somewhat startling to realize how conjectural the great experiment’s mentoring truly was.
本杰明富蘭克林源自于調查研究常識經驗而得到的聲名，所以當人們意識到這個偉大實驗的指導真正上是如此依靠推測的時候，人們感到很驚訝。
This durable myth, which debunked that nothing should have been known of pasta in Italy until 1295, when Marco Polo returned from the Far East, can easily be (ii)_____ by pointing out that there are Italian references to pasta that predate the event.
The science community’s perennial lament over inadequate budgets has come to seem increasing disingenuous, because government support for science and engineering has never been greater.
科學社會對預算不足常年慨嘆似乎變得越來越虛偽，因為政府對科學和工程支持從未如此巨大。
*have never + 比較級：從未如此xx，肯定語氣
Some experts estimate that the recreational salmon fishery in British Columbia contributes more to the province’s economy than the commercial salmon fishery does—a surprising statistic given the political commercial prominence of the fishery in the province.
一些專家估計，不列顛哥倫比亞省的休閑鮭魚漁業對該省的經濟貢獻比商業鮭魚漁業更多 - 這是一個令人驚訝的統計數據，因為該省的漁業政治商業突出。
*given that / given：在……的情況下
In modern times, friendship has become a paradigmatic relationship: a form of connection in terms of which all are understood and against which all are measured.
在現代，友情已經變得范例化：所有(人或事)都能用這種關系來理解，所有(人或事)都能用這種關系來衡量。
Not only is the advent of bookless or largely bookless libraries too large and powerful a change to be averted, it also offers too many real advantages for it to be considered a tragedy.
某個東西not only?too large and powerful，also?offers too many real advantages，以至于不能認為是一個悲劇。
Schechter is atypically unimpressed with the film version of Stephen King’s horror novel The shining because the qualities for which the majority of other critics have approved it (its artful camera work and so on) get in the way of narrative and render the story less, rather than more, terrifying than other films of the same genre.
Schechter對電影版的斯蒂芬金的恐怖小說異常地不感興趣，因為大多數其他評論家批準它的質量（其巧妙的相機作品等）妨礙了敘事并使故事更少，而不是 比同類型的其他電影更可怕。
*S不感興趣，因為most critics說的那些缺點，S和most critics看法一樣，atypically只是形容程度，二者的態度是取同而不是取反
It seems foolish to refuse the offer of an expedient that is both so indispensable to success and so difficult to create them absent.
拒絕一個既對成功不可或缺又很難沒有它的權宜之計似乎是愚蠢的。
*indispensable與后面的無他很難成功取同
Argument may be an overly robust word to apply to the gossamer contrivance that is?A Summer of Humming birds. In what seems a self-conscious emulation of its mascot the book flits from one subject or moment in history to another, following the various whims of its author.
議論文這個詞，對于形容?a summer of humming bird?這樣一個輕飄飄 的創造來說，恐怕太過強大。在看起來像是自覺對吉祥物的效仿中，這本書輕 快地跳躍于一個又一個主題或歷史時刻之間，追隨作者的奇思異想。
Carmen’s affection for her sister, though not unbounded, was plainly too great to permit a painless departure.
Carmen?對于她姐妹的喜愛，盡管不是無限制的，但明顯還是太強烈了以 至于無法有無痛苦的離別。
In this single volume, Kenny aims to survey for the general reader all of ancient philosophy; understandably, space in such a book is at the premium, and he is not to be faulted for minor omissions. However, Kenny would have added significantly to his book’s value had he more effectively signaled the influence of ancient philosophy on the subsequent tradition. As it is, newcomers to the subject will have little sense of the afterlife enjoyed by ancient philosophy in the period 1600-1750.
在這一卷中，肯尼的目的是為普通讀者調查所有古代哲學; 可以理解的是，這樣一本書中的空間是非常寶貴的，他不應該因輕微遺漏而受到指責。 然而，如果他更有效地表明古代哲學對后來傳統的影響，肯尼會大大增加他的書的價值。 因為他沒有這么做，新進入這個主題的人對1600 - 1750年間古代哲學津津樂道的來世幾乎沒有什么感覺。
*虛擬語氣：Kenny would have added significantly to his book’s value had he more effectively signaled...
Even the reader acquainted with the outlines of Pushkin’s biography will be stuck by the suffocating lack of creative freedom so vividly conveyed in Binyon’s biography. Not only was Pushkin’s personal correspondence intercepted and his movements monitored, but Tsar Nicholas I’s decision to oversee Pushkin’s career obliged Pushkin to submit all his manuscripts for inspection.
即使是熟悉普希金傳記輪廓的讀者，也會被Binyon傳記中生動地傳達的令人窒息的創作自由所困擾。 普希金的私人通信不僅被截獲，而且他的動作受到監控，但沙皇尼古拉斯一世決定監督普希金的職業生涯，迫使普希金提交他所有的手稿以供檢查。
*correspondence：符合；通信
*oversee：監視
*stuck by：驚訝
The reclusive clergyman may have lived and died in melancholy, but this doesn’t seem to have hampered his genius in any way. On the contrary, we find ourselves wondering whether his genius wasn’t served in some mysterious way by his mood.
隱居的牧師可能在憂郁中生活和死亡，但這似乎并沒有以任何方式妨礙他的天才。 相反，我們發現自己想知道他的天才是不是以某種神秘的方式被他的情緒所服務。
*wether后面跟的是was還是wasn‘t都一樣，沒有否定的意思
*serve：服務，含幫助的意思
Applications of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) have fared best in contexts in which habitat condition is closely linked to species condition and the cause of habitat degradation is easily identified. The achievements of the ESA in those contexts, however, have fostered the misconception?that other uses of the act can duplicate that record even where such favorable conditions do not pertain.
瀕危物種法（ESA）的應用，在其棲息地的條件是與物種的狀況是密切相關而且棲息地退化的原因是很容易識別的時候是表現最好的。 然而，在這些情況下，歐空局的成就助長了一種誤解，即即使這種有利條件不適用，這種應用的其他使用也可以復制之前的結果。
Firebaugh and Beck contend that economic development improves the overall well-being of people within developing countries. However, other scholars emphasize the limitation of this view, empirically demonstrating that while economic development does in fact contribute to the well- being of the population of developing countries, the magnitude of development’s positive effects on well-being has decreased over time. In other words, these scholars suggest that a decoupling of economic development and human well-being is taking place in developing countries.
Firebaugh和Beck認為，經濟發展可以改善發展中國家人民的整體福祉。 然而，其他學者強調這種觀點的局限性，從經驗上證明，雖然經濟發展確實有助于發展中國家人口的福祉，但發展對幸福的積極影響隨著時間的推移而減少。 換句話說，這些學者認為發展中國家正在發生經濟發展與人類福祉的脫鉤。
Even those observers who are the most zealous about genetic privacy issues would have to concede that genetic discrimination is rare: there have only been two cases of any notoriety.
即使那些最熱衷于遺傳隱私問題的觀察者也不得不承認遺傳歧視是罕見的：只有兩個聲名狼借的案例。
It is possible for human to go 40 or more hours without sleep and still be able to disgorge information acquired at the beginning of the sleepless period. Thus, when we are considering a role for sleep in human memory consolidation, we are referring to a possible role in the long-term encoding of information and optimizing of recall, not a facet of sleep for recalling events of the prior day.
人類可以在沒有睡眠的情況下進行40小時或更長時間，并且仍然能夠發出在無眠期開始時獲取所獲得的信息。 因此，當我們考慮睡眠在人類記憶鞏固中的作用時，我們指的是長期編碼信息和優化回憶的可能作用，而不是回憶前一天事件的睡眠方面。
*disgorge：嘔吐，涌流，發出去
The science of astronomy was begun by amateurs and today remains dependent on their contributions, which are incisive by virtue of being unencumbered by the a priori assumptions that often vitiate the work of professional research scientists.
天文學科學是由業余愛好者開始的，今天仍然依賴于他們的貢獻，這些貢獻是很尖銳的，因為他們沒有受到常常使專業研究科學家的工作失效的先決條件的影響。
*by virtue of：憑借
It’s hardly perfection the committee calls for: rudimentary competence would be an improvement on the current chaos.
委員會幾乎不要求完美：基本能力將是對目前混亂的改善。
While some commentators suggest that abstraction and complexity in scientific research are signs that a given direction is misguided, Lisa Randall, a professor of physics at Harvard, counters that these qualities instead reflect the success of human ingenuity in meeting the increasingly difficult challenges that nature presents. They can, however, make it more challenging to communicate scientific developments, even to colleague.
Unquestionably, the particular forms that folly and cruelty take in Jane Austen’s novels are shaped by the character’s social milieu, which was also Austen’s own; but to realize that one’s society motivates people in unfortunate ways is not necessarily to condemn it, for the alternatives, though different, might be no more salutary.
毫無疑問，簡·奧斯汀小說中愚蠢和殘忍的特殊形式是由角色的社會環境所塑造的，這也是奧斯汀自己的風格; 但是要意識到一個人的社會以不幸的方式調動人們的積極性并不一定要譴責它，因為其他的選擇，盡管不盡相同，卻不會（比譴責）更有用了。
So, perhaps the lesson is that rather than wanting their monarchy to emulate its modernized Scandinavian counterparts, the British public cherishes it most when it is most anachronistic.
*modernized和anachronistic取反
It can be frustrated to read Margaret Fuller’s travel writing, as she produced accounts of her travel that conformed to conventions of bourgeois travel narrative, often capitulating to the most well-worn clichés of the genre at precisely the moments when she sought most energetically to cast them off in favor of some new, more passionate mode of discernment.
讀M的旅行寫作讓人十分沮喪，因為她。。。遵從bourgeois的慣例，經常屈服于最陳舊的陳腔濫調，在她最積極地想要去丟棄這些慣例尋找更有激情的模式的時候。
In 1884, Sewall and Dow agreed to join Roosevelt in the Dakota territory for reasons that appear to have been pecuniary: Sewell later recalled that Roosevelt guaranteed them a share of anything made in his cattle business.
One of the vocalists who auditioned for a leading part in the local production of Sweeney Todd seemed to prefer shriek to any attempt at producing a melody; a more unpleasant voice was hard to imagine.
*more。。is hard，不會有更不好聽的了
Partly because of Lee’s skill at synthesizing emergent trends drawn from many fields of study, her theories appeared to present, with uncanny aptness, ideas already half-formulated in the minds of her contemporaries.
*emergent：新興的。兩個空對應
Fifty pages of footnotes, some of them presenting quite lengthy bibliographies, suggest that very few pertinent sources on the Black Arts movement in literature have eluded Thompson’s search; moreover, the text makes it clear that the author’s examination of these sources has been similarly exhaustive.
*本題邏輯絲絲入扣，好好體會
*exhaustive：全面的
Instead of demonstrating the promise of archaeological applications of electronic remote sensing, the pioneering study became, to some skeptics, an illustration of the imprudence of interpreting sites based on virtual archaeology.
*promise：成功的跡象，ground for expectation of success, improvement, or excellence（韋氏詞典）
Some ethicists worry that a deeper understanding of the brain may be tantamount to exculpation; if we discover that free will is an illusion of neural circuitry, how will we hold people responsible for their actions?
一些倫理學家擔心，對大腦的深入理解可能等于開除罪行; 如果我們發現自由意志是神經回路的幻覺，我們如何讓人們對自己的行為負責？
9. The media have constantly disparaged the governor’s competence and have found a public only too eager to applaud their derision.
*情感沒有指向的時候，填對已知內容的概括
The physics graveyard is strewn with the skeletons of failed theories, unexplained effects, and anomalous particles that briefly secure the research spotlight, then rapidly fade from view.
*secure：獲取
The notion of film producers as the ogres of the movie business has proved an enduring one, but according to The Producers by Tim Adler, it is not always grounded in reality. Attacking what he calls the “auteur myth”—the idea of the director as the single purveyor of art in an industry otherwise peopled with profitmonger —he places at the heart of his book an image of the producer, not the director, as the primary creative force in the development and production of a movie.
電影制片人作為電影業的食人魔的概念已被證明是一種持久的觀念，但根據蒂姆阿德勒的制片人的說法，它并不總是以現實為基礎。 他攻擊所謂的“導演神話” - 導演作為一個行業藝術的唯一提供者，其他的都充滿著利益商人 - 他的書的核心是制片人的形象，而不是導演，作為主要 在電影的開發和制作中的創造力。
*people：作動詞，居住，充滿
The museum’s compelling new architectural exhibition looks at eleven projects around the world that have had major social impacts despite modest budgets. It is part of a shift in philosophy in the museum’s architecture and design department, which in the past has championed architecture’s artistic value over its real-world consequences.
Consolidating memory is not instantaneous or even inevitable: every memory must be encoded and moved from short-term to long-term storage, and some of these memories are, for whatever reason, more vividly imprinted than others.
Scientific papers often misrepresent what actually happened in the course of the investigations they describe. Misunderstandings , blind alleys, and mistakes of various sorts will fail to appear in the final written accounts because efficiency is a desirable attribute when transmitting results in a scientific report and would be poorly served by a comprehensive historical account.
科學論文經常歪曲他們所描述的調查過程中實際發生的事情。各種類型的誤解，盲目的小巷和錯誤將不會出現在最終的書面記錄中，因為效率在科學報告中傳遞結果時的是非常理想的屬性，而全面的歷史記錄而難以滿足（效率）。
While people complain about their hectic lives and demanding schedules, one might be justified in suspecting that they are being somewhat disingenuous: compulsive busyness seems to be, for many, a source of pride.
雖然人們抱怨他們忙碌的生活和苛刻的日程安排，但人們可能有理由懷疑他們有些不誠實：對許多人來說，強迫性的忙碌似乎是一種自豪感。
Memory-prompt technology such as online birthday reminders does more than enhance our recall abilities; it induces us to delegate ever more behaviors to automated processes. Witness the popularity of a program that allows us to create computer greeting cards for the entire year in one sitting.
記憶提示技術，如在線生日提醒，不僅可以提高我們的回憶能力; 它促使我們將更多行為委托給自動化流程。 見證一個程序的受歡迎程度，該程序允許我們一次創建全年的計算機賀卡。
Even if he wants to serve again—and given his obvious love for the job, the assumption among insiders is that he is more likely to stay than go—there is at least impediment his serving another term.
*破折號不用看
Although Wynne claims to recognize that insufficient evidence is available to make definitive statement, she offers them nonetheless, arriving at some sweeping generalizations.
盡管W認為得到確定的結論現在的證據是不足的，但她仍然給予了籠統的概括。
*否定詞+is available還是否定不是肯定
A certain amount of theoretical frenzy about comics today is understandable. After all, similar frenzies have been in other art forms in periods of their rapid development, for instance, the debates about painting that roiled Renaissance Italy. But such intellectual arousal rarely precedes creative glory. On the contrary, it commonly indicates that an artistic breakthrough, having been made and recognized, is over, and that a process of increasing strained emulation and diminishing returns has set in.
今天有關漫畫的一定理論狂熱是可以理解的。 畢竟，類似的狂亂也存在于其他藝術形式飛速發展的時期，例如，關于繪畫的是攪亂意大利文藝復興時期的辯論。但這種智力喚起很少出現在創造性的杰作之前。 相反，它通常表明，已經制定和認可的藝術突破已經結束，并且已經出現了增加緊張模仿和收益遞減的過程。
The characters in this comic strip fret about the triviality of their “little counterculture lives”, especially when terrible things are happening in the world, but the cartoonist makes their lives resonate in ways that do not seem inconsequential at all. Real things happen here—births, deaths, adoptions, affairs, breakups, commitments, ceremonies, civil union—and they matter.
這部漫畫中的人物擔心他們的“小反文化生活”的微不足道，特別是當世界上發生了可怕的事情時，但是漫畫家讓他們的生活產生共鳴，而這種方式似乎并不是無關緊要的。 真實的事情發生在這里 - 出生，死亡，領養，事務，分手，承諾，儀式，民事聯盟 - 這些都很重要。
*第一、三空對應
Even if the story now seems a surprisingly innocuous overture to the author’s later, more fully developed narrations, it anticipate some of the key traits of those bleaker tales.
就算這個故事現在看起來對這個作者后來的，更加深入發展的敘述，似乎出人意料的毫無影響，（但是）它預示了陰郁故事的一些特征。
*不要被一大堆修飾詞和逗號影響了，抓主干
The modern iron suspension bridge dates from the early nineteenth century, but it did not have propitious debut; many early suspension bridges were damaged, if not outright destroyed, by the wind. There were few practical alternatives, however, so the form persists.
這個現代鐵懸索橋的歷史可以追溯到十九世紀初，但它并沒有吉祥的首次亮相; 許多早期的懸索橋都受損了，如果沒有被風徹底摧毀。 然而，幾乎沒有實際的替代方案，所以這個形式仍然存在。
*題眼：debut 初次亮相，廢墟是debris
*damage：受損，destroy：摧毀
The new art museum’s outstanding building augurs well for that ambitious institution because it speaks of discernment that may promise equal astuteness about contemporary art.
新藝術館的接觸建筑預示了這個有雄心的機構因為它體現了洞察力，這個洞察力會承諾對當代藝術的同等的敏銳。
*題眼：equal astuteness
The author’s best-selling book on Virginia Woolf is not idealized treatment of her subject; on the contrary, it presents unflinching portrait of the novelist, faults and all.
*題眼：fault 缺點
Convinced of the gravity of her poetry, Voigt must have found the reviews of her most recent collection depressing reading: one amused reviewer thought that it was unrecognizable as poetry but decidedly diverting.
*題眼：gravity 莊重，嚴肅
Joshua Gisemba Bagaka found that the pedagogical results of group projects and other engaged learning activities in Kenyan mathematics classroom were mixed/inconsistent; such activities, then, may not be the best way of improving mathematics education.
*矛盾的
The platitudinous nature of the candidate’s comments is calculated. As a long-standing target of critics who regard him as radical, he understands that he needs to be as innocuous as possible if he is to overcome those critiques and appear as a conciliatory leader.
*題眼：calculated 故意的，經過計算的
Although in his new book he tends to repeat himself like a loquacious uncle, McHughen makes a persuasive case for the safety of tinkering with genes to create new foods.
*題眼：repeat himself
When a new scientific model emerges, research studies affirming that paradigm tend to dominate in the scientific literature: the process of selecting articles for publication is tilted towards positive results. But once the paradigm have become entrenched, the academic incentives shift in the opposite direction: research results are more considered worthy publication when they undermine what has become the established view.
當一種新的科學模型出現時，研究證實范式往往在科學文獻中占主導地位：選擇出版物的過程傾向于積極的結果。 但是，一旦范式變得根深蒂固，學術激勵就會朝著相反的方向發展：當研究結果破壞已成為既定觀點時，研究結果被認為是值得發表的。
Although it is not uncommon for journalists to portray political inexperience on the part of public officials as an advantage, it was nevertheless surprising when members of the press treated the new senator’s obvious naiveté?as an extraordinary virtue.
*題眼：inexperience 缺乏經驗，extraordinary virtue
The politician’s record while in office, though admirable, hardly accounts for her high standard three decades later—a standing all the more unusual because of continuing assaults on her reputation during those years.
*破折號后的不是解釋，是遞進，更不同尋常了，因為甚至還有持續的攻擊
Investors are grateful that the attorney general has stepped in to pursue inquiries into misfeasance in the financial markets, given that the regulators officially charged with policing the industry have been diffident.
投資者很感激司法部長已介入調查金融市場的不當行為，因為管理該行業的官方監管機構一直優柔寡斷。
Pioneering medical research scientists’ inflated claims regarding the potential benefits of new researches make the public wonder their own doctors are not dispensing miracles. There are forces, both external and internal, on scientists that most require them to oversell. Without money, there is no science. Researchers must constantly convince administrators who control tax dollars, investors, and individual donors that the work they are doing will make a difference.
先鋒的醫學研究科學家對新研究的潛在益處的夸大其詞，使公眾奇怪地覺得，他們自己的醫生并沒有創造奇跡。 科學家們需要外部和內部的力量，而這些力量最需要他們吹噓。 沒有錢，就沒有科學。 研究人員必須不斷說服那些控制稅收資金，投資者和個人捐贈者的管理人員，他們所做的工作是會有所作為的。
The mood of the times is no longer one of uncritical joys over our scientific achievements. Doubts and worries beset technical and scientific specialist, as well as the public at large. I do not consider such worries unfounded, though they are often based on intuitive feeling rather than on strictly logical arguments.
時代的氣氛不再是對我們科學成就的不加批判的喜悅（*就是不是光表揚科學成就了）。 懷疑和擔憂困擾著技術和科學專家，以及廣大公眾。 我并不認為這種擔憂是沒有根據的，盡管它們通常基于直覺而不是嚴格的邏輯論證。
With the emergence of scientific history-writing in the late nineteenth century, several authors sought to ignore the glowing myths surrounding George Washington and uncover the human being within, but their biographies were still laudatory enough that Washington remained a marbled and remote figure. Indeed, by the 1920s Washington has become such a deified personage that inevitably someone had to go to the other extreme and try to debunk the legend.
There are two opposing theories about mountain formation and climate over the past 40 million years: either the surge of mountain building caused the global cooling or vice versa. The first of these two theories asserts that widespread mountain building cooled feedback between?mountains and climate. For example, mountain glaciers tend to be self-perpetuating: once established, they increase the reflectivity of the surface, thus lowering temperatures and allowing more ice to form.
在過去的4000萬年中，有兩種相反的關于山地形成和氣候的理論：無論是山地建設的激增導致全球降溫，反之亦然。 這兩種理論中的第一種斷言，廣泛的山區建筑降低了山脈與氣候之間的反饋。 例如，山地冰川傾向于自我延續：一旦建立起來，它們就會增加表面的反射率，從而降低溫度并允許形成更多的冰。
*vice versa：反之亦然
If newspaper consumers are concerned about more than accuracy and prefer to read news that is consistent with their beliefs, then bias is not a journalistic flaw, but, rather, a cultivated feature. In a competitive news market, producers can use slant to differentiate their products and stave off price competition.
如果報紙消費者關注的不僅僅是準確性而更愿意閱讀與他們的信仰一致的新聞（*這個東西就是偏見），那么偏見不是新聞缺陷，而是一種培養的特征。 在競爭激烈的新聞市場中，生產商可以使用傾斜來區分他們的產品并避免價格競爭。
Although its gray text blocks and black-and-white illustrations give it a sober mien, this one-stop resource can take the place of a dozen less exhaustive texts.
雖然它的灰色文本塊和黑白插圖給它一個素凈的風格，但這個一站式資源可以取代十幾個不那么詳盡的文本。
Proponents of international regulation of environmental issues have always struggled against scientific uncertainty and economic hostility, two obstacles which, form a political standpoint, often have been closely related, as economic hostility toward environmental regulation for economic reasons have exploited the considerable uncertainty underlying most environmental challenges to downplay the legitimacy of environmental regulation.
國際環境問題監管的支持者一直在努力克服科學的不確定性和經濟敵意，從政治的角度來看，這兩個障礙往往密切相關，因為出于經濟原因對環境監管的經濟敵意已經利用了大多數環境挑戰背后的相當大的不確定性 淡化環境監管的合法性。
With the numerous opponents of the controversial new taxation measure in such a fury, anyone who publicly advocated the measure did not fail to meet with severe usage.
The performer can be inflammatory in his comedy, but he is fundamentally a bighearted person who displays a core sweetness even at his most manic.
表演者在他的喜劇中可能是煽動性的，但他基本上是一個心地善良的人，即使在他最躁狂的時候也表現出核心的甜蜜。
*題眼：manic 癲狂的，選同義
Circulatory systems on organisms originated in widely separated epochs, according to the fossil record, and under a broad range of circumstances, the myriad forms they take attest to that heterogeneity of origin.
*題眼：widely separated epochs，選“不同的”，randomness不能選
The meandering journey across the soundscape of the Internet can be taxing. Listening to music in this medium often generates anxiety fulfillment: no sooner has one experience begun than the thought of what else is out there intrudes. Putting an old-fashioned disk and letting it play to the end restores a measure of sanity.
跨越互聯網音景的蜿蜒旅程可能會讓人感到費力。 在這種媒介中聆聽音樂往往會產生焦慮：一旦開始體驗，就會想到其他什么東西會侵入。 放置一個老式磁盤并讓它發揮到最后可以恢復一定程度的理智。
The paleontologist examined the problem afresh, believing that the accepted classification belied the essential continuity of the specimens by making specious distinctions among them.
古生物學家重新審視了這個問題，認為接受的分類通過在它們之間進行似是而非的區分來掩蓋了標本的基本連續性。
*題眼：specious
The stories in Yiyun Li’s recent collection are distinctive particularly for the strong contrast between their emotional intensity and their consistently measured tone.
*與emotional intensity取反
Even before she went to art school, Veronica found the standard design categories limiting/confining: she didn’t understand why designing buildings and designing tables should require different sensibilities.
Folmer’s book on Edith Wharton seems far removed from recent trends in literary criticism; this need not to be a fault, except that, in its title and introduction, the book purports to be conversant with contemporary discourse in the field, but in its actual analysis of Wharton’s work, it is marked by a very old-fashioned approach.
Folmer關于伊迪絲華頓的書與文學批評的近期趨勢相去甚遠; 這本來不是一個錯誤，除了在它的標題和介紹中，這本書聲稱熟悉該領域的當代話語，但在對沃頓商學院作品的實際分析中，它卻十分過時。
Given children’s active fantasy lives, one might think of truthfulness as an acquired virtue in young children, but it turns out that lying is the more advanced skill. A child who is going to lie must recognize the truth, intellectually conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly sell that new reality to someone else. Therefore, lying demands cognitive development and social skills in a way that honesty simply does not.
Invention was a hallmark of the work of the ancient Greek historians, whose writings were filled with long and often purely fictitious speeches by great historical figures. The animating force in historical writing was rhetoric rather than evidence. Even well into the eighteenth century, not a few historians continued to understand themselves as artists, given a license to invent.
發明是古希臘歷史學家作品的標志，其著作充滿了偉大的歷史人物長期而且往往純屬虛構的演講。 歷史寫作中的動畫力量是修辭而不是證據。 即使進入十八世紀，也有不少歷史學家繼續將自己理解為藝術家，在有著發明的許可之下。
*題眼：rhetoric 修辭，選取反
*not a few：不少
A cure for the common cold has been so elusive that it has become a modern symbol of futility/pointlessness.
The trade in scientific literature in nineteenth-century Germany was so robust that publisher constantly worried about supplies of new titles, an anxiety that gave even relatively undistinguished authors, who made their living writing technical treatises, strong bargaining positions.
The uniquely human ability to rethink and revise our social arrangements is a weird blessing, allowing us to create systems that are as likely to shackle/stifle us as to liberate us.
*題眼：weird，和liberate取反才weird
Barring the discovery of new letters, hidden diaries, or the like, fresh information about eminent people is hard to find because their lives have been so intensely scrutinized.
Cultures can shape attitudes and beliefs in ways that operate outside of conscious awareness or control; in other words, cultural orientations may develop from processes that do not entail active participation, and cultures may pervade subtle psychological dynamics in ways that individuals may not be able to report.
Jackie Wullschlager's biography of Hans Christian Andersen strips away/removes the insipid sweetness with which Andersen coated his life and reveals a vulnerable gingerbread man with a bitter almond where his heart should be.
杰基·沃爾施拉格（Jackie Wullschlager）的漢斯·克里斯蒂安·安徒生（Hans Christian Andersen）的傳記剝奪/消除了安徒生涂抹生命的平淡甜蜜，并揭示了一個脆弱的姜餅男人，有著應該是苦杏仁的心臟。
The author of this political history text shows considerable bias against the political party when assigning credit or blame for its actions: he deems inevitable what he favors and avoids what he condemns.
這份政治歷史文本的作者在為其行為分配信譽或責任時顯示出對政黨的相當大的偏見：他認為他所偏愛的不可避免并避免他所譴責的行為。
*bias...against：對。。。的偏見
Though it may seem as if more than a century of augmentation has made the electrical grid an all- encompassing web connecting the whole of the continent, many vast and beautiful areas remain without power.
雖然似乎超過一個世紀的增強使電網成為連接整個大陸的無所不包的網絡，但許多廣闊而美麗的地區仍然沒有電力。
Because the book is largely concerned with an examination of various inadequacies often encountered in contemporary thinking, such as an exaggerated appreciation for meaningless coincidence and a credulous accept of pseudoscience, much of the writing has a debunking quality to it. Nevertheless, it avoids the overly earned scolding tone common to many such endeavors.
*inadequacy：不足，有缺點的感覺
Doris Kearns Goodwin’s elegant, incisive study of Lincoln gratify those whose knowledge of Lincoln is an amalgam of high school history and popular mythology as well as those who are experts.
*大眾和專家都可以滿足
Apparently, advanced tortoises evolved multiple times: the high-domed shells and columnar, elephantine feet of current forms are specializations for terrestrial life that evolved independently on each continent.
*題眼：each continent
As Ellen Donkin explains, in eighteenth-century England, writing plays empowered women. Even when the use of pseudonym? meant that playwriting did not bring personal fame, the work nevertheless enabled them to present their own views to the public and offered the possibility of acquiring capital.
*empower：授權，使能夠
Among wide-ranging animal species, populations at the edge of the species’ range are frequently exposed to less favorable and more variable conditions than those in other parts on the range. As a result, the animal’s abundance is often lower at the periphery.
在廣泛的動物物種中，物種范圍邊緣的種群經常暴露于比該范圍內其他部分更不利和更多變的條件之下。 所以，動物的豐度通常在周邊較低。
Common sense tells me some people are more altruistic than others. The claim that these differences are illusory, or that deep down, everybody acts only to further their own interests, contradicts?our everyday observations and deep-seated human practices of moral evaluation.
常識說人很無私，這是錯的，每個人都是自私的，這和我們每天的觀察以及人類實踐的道德評估（也就是前面的常識）都是相矛盾的。
Anne Carson’s book?Nox?is, very deliberately, cumbersome/unwieldily literary object—the opposite of an e-reader, which is designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train.
安妮卡森的書Nox是一個非常刻意，繁瑣/笨拙的文學對象 - 與電子閱讀器相反，電子閱讀器就是設計來為當你在火車上閱讀時在你的手掌中消失（形容很好操控）。
Historian Barbara Alpern Engel’s task in writing a book about women in Russia must have been a daunting one, because the diversity of the Russian empire’s peoples meant that Russian women could never be treated as a homogeneous group.
歷史學家Barbara Alpern Engel編寫一本關于俄羅斯婦女的書的任務一定是令人生畏的，因為俄羅斯帝國人民的多樣性意味著俄羅斯婦女永遠不會被視為同質群體。
The material covered in this article has been scrutinized in previous publications, and since currently neglected areas remained unexplored, the article contains no revelation.
本文所涉及的材料已在以前的出版物中進行了詳細審查，由于目前被忽視的領域尚未開發，因此該文章沒有任何啟示。
Far from spurring innovations, as the patent system was designed to do, the patenting of concepts such as gene sequences gives individuals and corporations a legal choke to hold over ideas that should be useful to all.
并不是為了刺激創新，正如。。。，基因序列概念的專利是對任何人/團體的一個法律的限制，去推遲所有有用的想法。
*hold over：推遲
*choke：使窒息
Shirky argues that the Internet?obviates the needs for hierarchical structures and the sluggish organizations that perpetuate them: the Internet makes it possible to do things cheaply and efficiently on one’s own.
英特網消除了對分級結構和懶洋洋的組織的需要，這些需要是使他們長期存在的原因：。。。。
Not only is the field of behavioral genetics strewn with repudiated?findings, but even among those findings that managed to survive, many have turned out to be germane to a very restricted class of cases.
不僅行為遺傳學領域充滿了被拒絕的發現，而且即使在那些能夠生存下來的研究結果中，許多已經證明與一類非常有限的病例密切相關。
*restricted：有限的
The prime minister’s spokesman faces a difficult task in defending his boss from what he sees as the lowly calumnies?of a decidedly prejudiced press. To make his defense effectively he will certainly have to give specific examples of the media coverage he finds so objectionable.
這位總理的發言人面臨著一項艱巨的任務，就是要保護他的老板不要被他認為是一個明顯有偏見的媒體的卑微誹謗。 為了有效地進行辯護，他肯定要提供他認為令人反感的媒體報道的具體例子。
*press，coverage：媒體
Many historians of the ancient world are wary of sounding dogmatic. Write so much as a sentence and the temptation is immediately to qualify it. Even in cases when the sources for a given event are plentiful, uncertainties and discrepancies crop up everywhere.
許多古代世界的歷史學家都對發聲教條持謹慎態度。 寫下這么多句話，誘惑立即使其符合條件。 即使在特定事件的來源充足的情況下，也會出現不確定性和差異。
Governments are often willing to pay the direct costs of preparing for emergencies that may never happen: they make room in their budgets to prepare for plausible/conceivable but unlikely events.
政府通常愿意支付準備應對可能永遠不會發生的緊急情況的直接成本：他們在預算中騰出空間，為可能/可想到但不太可能發生的事件做好準備。
It remains a mystery how Theobroma cacao, which scholars believe originated in lowland Amazonia, was introduced to tropical Mesoamerica. It must have been a protracted process: cacao trees do not easily sprout from seed, need years to mature, and grow only in humid lowland forest. Moreover, in a tropical climate, cacao pods spoil quickly, rendering their transport from lowland Amazonia tropical Mesoamerica in a single journey by foot or canoe unlikely.
To the avid reader of E.O. Wilson, much of his most recent book?Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge will be predictable, as the book represents the culmination of a life spent thinking about everything from the social lives of ants to the social lives of people. Nonetheless, new thoughts have been mixed in with the old to produce a book remarkable for its purview and ambition.
對于E.O.的狂熱讀者 威爾遜，他最近出版的書“Consilience：The Knowledge of Knowledge”的大部分內容都是可以預測的，因為這本書代表了從螞蟻的社會生活到人們社會生活的一切思考的生活的高潮。 盡管如此，新的思想與舊的混合在一起，產生了一本以其權限和雄心而著稱的書。
*后面說remarkable，褒，又有nonetheless，說明前面是貶；同時后面有old，推測predicable
His new role gives the normally clownish actor a chance to impress audiences with his forbearance. He is among the most uninhibited comic performers around, but here he buttons his lip and stares straight ahead. Perhaps without quite knowing it, the audience waits for a wink, a hint that some of the madcap spirit that animated his previous movies might be lurking inside the reserved manner he presents in this film.
他的新角色為這位正常的小丑演員提供了一個用克制給觀眾留下深刻印象的機會。 他是周圍最不受約束的漫畫表演者之一，但在這里他按住了他的嘴唇直視前方。 也許在不知情的情況下，觀眾們等著眨眼，暗示一些激動他以前的電影的瘋狂精神，可能潛伏在他在這部電影中呈現的保留態度中。
Some climatologists dismiss as irrelevant?the debate among geophysicists over the role of carbon dioxide in global climate change across many millions of years. These climatologists say the evidence of a tie between carbon dioxide and planetary warming over the last few centuries is so (ii)compelling that any longer-term evidence against such a link must somehow be (iii)tainted.
一些氣候學家認為地球物理學家對數百萬年來二氧化碳在全球氣候變化中的作用的爭論無關緊要。 這些氣候學家說過去幾個世紀二氧化碳與行星變暖之間存在聯系的證據是如此（ii）使人信服，以至于任何反對這種聯系的長期證據必須在某種方式是（iii）受到污染的。
He defended the government’s equivocations regarding the mysterious contrail as resulting not from mendacity?as critics say, but from a benightedness about its own doings that is almost inevitable, given the multitudinous- ness of its agencies.
他捍衛政府對神秘軌跡的模棱兩可，不是像批評者說的虛偽，而是由于對其自身行為的愚昧，這幾乎是不可避免的，因為其代理人眾多。
The professor frequently reiterated a basic assumption behind the experimental method--- namely, that the outcome of the experiment is always (i)undetermined. The hypothesis can never assume the experiment’s results, in other words, but instead must (ii)await their appearance.
教授經常重申實驗方法背后的基本假設 - 即實驗的結果總是（i）未確定。 換句話說，假設永遠不能假設實驗的結果，而是必須（ii）等待它們的出現。
Hyana Kusiemko and her colleagues speculate that the (i)tepid support among low-income works for increases in the minimum wage is a form of last-place aversion: people who are in a marginally better position than the worst off seek to (ii)retain their ability to distinguish themselves from those in last place.
Hyana Kusiemko和她的同事推測，（i）低收入工作對最低工資增長的不溫不火的支持是一種厭惡最后的形式：處于稍微好一點的人比最壞的人尋求（ii） 保持他們與最后一個區別開來的能力。
Part of what currently makes it so challenging to arrive at a scientific understanding of the living world is that while technological advances have produced a cascade of data—from detailed genome sequence to the sophisticated satellite imagery that documents the planet’s ecosystems— our ability to (ii)apprehend these data still lags far behind their (iii)acquisition.
目前使得對生物世界的科學認識變得如此具有挑戰性的一部分是，雖然技術進步產生了一系列數據 - 從詳細的基因組序列到記錄地球生態系統的復雜衛星圖像 - 我們的能力去（ii） 理解這些數據仍遠遠落后于他們（iii）的獲得。
Recent research runs counter to the long-cherished notion that a small drop in body temperature during and after surgery is either immaterial/inconsequential or actually protects the patient by slowing metabolism and reducing the body’s demand for blood and oxygen.
*either...or....：取反
He accused some people who excoriated him of being by contrast supportive of another candidate, who shared a similar stance on most political issues.
斥責他的人卻支持和他觀點相同的其他候選者
To say the actors were accepting of their director is an understatement: a director who is visibly bored by his cast and their performances is hard to suffer.
說演員接受他們的導演是輕描淡寫的：一個對他的演員和表演明顯感到無聊的導演是難以忍受的。
Just as large manufacturing companies with dominant positions in large domestic markets were once able to resist innovation despite ample signs that foreign competition was rapidly overtaking them, strong and wealthy states can (ii)maintain misguided policies and still manage to limp along for many years.
*just as說明前后對應，(ii)對應(i)，即不創新
For a time in the early Middle Ages, Latin culture came close to (i)vanishing: the witness to that is the (ii)paucity of manuscript copies of texts datable to the period. The process of copying manuscripts, the only way in which the fragile products of centuries of accumulating knowledge could be preserved, (iii)virtually came to a standstill, a situation that did not change for two and a half centuries, until the time of Charlemagne. In the intervening period, much of Classical literature was lost to use forever.
*witness說明1、2對應
在中世紀早期的一段時間里，拉丁文化接近于（i）消失：證據就是（ii）缺乏可用于該時期的文本的手稿副本。 復制手稿的過程，是幾個世紀以來積累知識的脆弱產品得以保存的唯一方式，（iii）實際上陷入停頓，這種情況在兩個半世紀以來沒有改變，直到查理曼時代。 在此期間，許多古典文學都永遠失去了。
Barker’s account of how mores have evolved over time is illuminating. It reveals as (i)resilient and (ii)enduring some values that have often been regarded as (iii)antiquated, while uncovering other values that do indeed seem to be universal.
*while說明3與universal取反，至少是貶義的；illuminating說明1、2褒義
巴克關于隨著時間的推移如何進化的說法很有啟發性。 它揭示了（i）適應力強和（ii）持久的，對于一些經常被視為過時的價值觀，但同時揭示其他確實看似普遍存在的價值觀。
The current glut/surfeit of repackaged music under Miles Davis’ name might prompt any reasonable person to conclude that the recording vault has been plundered bare.
目前以Miles Davis之名下的重新包裝的音樂過剩/過剩，可能會促使任何合理的人得出結論，專輯庫已被洗劫一空。（重新包裝，說明原來的已經沒有了）
Although many skeptics of the scientific theory recycle/rehash critiques that have long since been disproved, some of the doubters arguably bring up valid points.
*回收=重新使用
雖然許多對科學理論的懷疑論者回收/重新評論早已被證明的批評，但一些懷疑者可以提出有效的觀點。
Regardless of the putative decline of (i)understatement in contemporary culture, such (ii)restraint?remains essential to civil discourse. It allows people to avoid embarrassing or maligning an adversary, and it serves as a form of irony that draws attention to a problem that can scarcely be exaggerated.
無論（i）當代文化中的輕描淡寫的假定下降，這種（ii）克制仍然是民事話語的必要條件。 它允許人們避免使對手尷尬或惡化，并且它作為一種諷刺形式，引起人們對幾乎不會被夸大的問題的注意。
In science education, it is important to differentiate between inaccurate ideas that are conceptually (i)unproductive and understandings that are inaccurate, and yet can (ii)foster learning of more sophisticated understanding. The former are simply wrong, the latter can be seen as incomplete, overly simplistic, or tied to only a few limited contexts.
*simply wrong，說明1空負評價；yet和后面的話，說明2空不完全但還是有一點內容
Many researchers assume that politicians consider the preferences of the entire public, and not merely those of likely voters, when making decisions. Yet, since the desire to be reelected is central, it is plausible that politicians (i)attend disproportionately to the opinions of likely voters in formulating their positions on issues. It is possible that researchers’ suppositions about policy makers’ (ii)responsiveness to aggregate public opinion may serve to (iii)mask the fact that only the preferences of likely voters actually matter.
*yet，取反，其實偏向，對公眾是假裝的
Observers of modern presidential campaigns who (i)despair over the highly (ii)choreographed productions that pass for campaigns these days do sometimes find reason for hope in the occasional mix-ups that (iii)rattle candidates on the trail despite the presence of political strategist’s plotting every event with the tactical precision of military commanders.
現代總統競選活動的觀察者對如今通過競選活動的高度（ii）精心設計的作品（i）感到絕望，有時候會在偶爾出現混亂的情況下找到理由，這些混亂讓競選者們不安，（iii）盡管戰略家用軍事指揮官的戰術精確度策劃每個事件。
Studies of hermaphroditic plants may exhibit sampling bias against self-fertilizing and cross- fertilizing species, thus inflating the frequency of species using a mixed mating system (both self- fertilizing and cross-fertilizing); nevertheless the number of mixed-system species is not trivial.
雌雄同株植物的研究可能表現出對自交和交叉受精物種的取樣偏差，從而使用混合交配系統（自交和交叉施肥）來增加物種的頻率; 盡管如此，混合系統物種的數量并非微不足道。
*增加A，然而A本來就不少
It was fine to be (i)opinionated in the old days when papers were still not losing readers and ad revenue was not tough to come by, but many editors today are uneasy about bludgeoning their readers with the inherently (ii)unbalanced work of cartoonists.
在過去，當論文仍然沒有失去讀者并且廣告收入并不難以獲得時，固執己見是沒問題的，但是今天許多編輯對于用（ii）漫畫家內在不公正的作品來逼迫他們的讀者感到不安。
*opinionated：固執己見；unbalanced：不公正
Some academic criticism of popular novels has been (i)elicits in character, being based on the assumption that the wider the appeal, the more (ii)undesirable the novel.
*精英主義的評論覺得越流行的小說越不好
Conventionally, the ultimate measure of a scientific work’s validity is how broadly and confidently its conclusions become accepted in the relevant field, which in turn (i)derives from the extent to which its findings are replicated and extended. However, establishing such validity, especially for a novel experimental finding, can take years, and what (ii)constitutes replication or extension may be (iii)disputed for some time.
傳統上，科學工作有效性的最終衡量標準是它的結論在相關領域得到廣泛和自信的程度，這反過來又（i）來自其研究結果的復制和擴展程度。 然而，建立這樣的有效性，特別是對于新的實驗發現，可能需要數年，并且（ii）構成復制或延伸的東西可能會（iii）有爭議一段時間。
While the group's street protests assumed an assertory uncompromising tenor, once admitted to the halls of power to begin formal lobbying, the group's leadership wisely chose to palliate/damp the stridency of their rhetoric.
雖然該組織的街頭抗議活動呈現出一種堅定不妥協的主張，但一旦進入權力大廳開始正式游說，該組織的領導明智地選擇減輕/抑制其言論的嚴厲性。
His own writing style was audacious/striking: colorful and tart in its choice of language, willing to run risks in its allusions, metaphors, and verbal juxtapositions, prone to irreverent conclusions designed to surprise or startle.
他自己的寫作風格大膽/引人注目：語言選擇豐富多彩，愿意在其典故，隱喻和口頭并置中冒險，容易產生令人驚訝或驚嚇的不敬結論。
The threat of litigation makes the art authentication industry clandestine realm: connoisseurs refuse to communicate in writing and confidential agreements bind authenticators to silence.
*對應confidential
Some of the areas of research covered in the collection have already attracted substantial scholarly interest, while others are more pristine, hence requiring pioneering effort to map the territory and suggest productive avenues of inquiry.
*對應pioneering
Saul’s particular combination of intellectuality and vitality was not paradoxical; it was category- shattering. (i)energy was, in a way, his very theme. Was ever a bookish soul so cracklingly unmediated, so (ii)flush with raw life? He was as vivid physically as he was mentally, almost perversely alert, completely at home in the world of matter, repulsed by (iii)tedium.
掃羅的智慧和活力的特殊結合并不矛盾; 它是破碎的。 （i）在某種程度上，能量是他的主題。 曾經是一個書呆子的靈魂如此嘎嘎作響，所以（ii）與原始生活充滿活力？ 他身體上和他在精神上一樣生動，幾乎是反常的警覺，完全在家中的物質世界，被（iii）單調乏味擊退。
*一直在說他生動，也就是不喜歡乏味
The difficulty for nineteenth-century advocates of the claim that forests helped regulate climate was that their argument (i)employed historical anecdote and observations. Proving the forest-climate link through verifiable and experimental scientific means rather than observation was (ii)problematic for these individuals, a situation that eventually led to the link (iii)dropping out of justifications for forest conservation.
十九世紀倡導森林幫助調節氣候的倡導者的困難在于他們的論點（i）采用了歷史軼事和觀察。 通過可驗證和實驗科學手段而不是觀察來證明森林 - 氣候聯系（ii）對這些個體是有困難的，這種情況最終導致了這樣的聯系（iii）缺乏森林保護的正當性。
*means這里是名詞不是動詞
Even the man was reserved in his speech, he thoroughly understood his mother, which made him far from foolish/simple as people usually thought.
*他能徹底理解他媽媽，說明他不傻
Mark Messina’s book The Simple Soybean and Your Health exudes recognition much less unrestrained in the description of the soy's medical efficiency than its versatility, but the author cautions against soy to be a cure-all/panacea.
*exude recognition?much less unrestrained A?than B，先找exude什么，都排除了A和B，在看比較關系，A比B更少限制，即更排除A，即強調B
To get funding and tenured positions, medical researchers have to get their work published in well-regarded journals, where rejection can climb above 90 percent. Not surprisingly, the studies that tend to make the grade are those that make (i)eye-catching claims. But while coming up with such (ii)striking claims is relatively easy, getting the data to bear them out is another matter. When studied rigorously, the great majority of these claims (iii)yield contradictory evidence.
