分離某些封裝格式（例如MP4/FLV/MKV等）中的H.264的時候，需要首先寫入SPS和PPS，否則會導致分離出來的數據沒有SPS、PPS而無法播放。H.264碼流的SPS和PPS信息存儲在AVCodecContext結構體的extradata中。需要使用ffmpeg中名稱為“h264_mp4toannexb”的bitstream filter處理。
原有的API已被棄用，新的API如下：

// Query
const AVBitStreamFilter *av_bsf_next(void **opaque);
const AVBitStreamFilter *av_bsf_get_by_name(const char *name);

// Setup
int av_bsf_alloc(const AVBitStreamFilter *filter, AVBSFContext **ctx);
int av_bsf_init(AVBSFContext *ctx);

// Usage
int av_bsf_send_packet(AVBSFContext *ctx, AVPacket *pkt);
int av_bsf_receive_packet(AVBSFContext *ctx, AVPacket *pkt);

// Cleanup
void av_bsf_free(AVBSFContext **ctx);

Query

You can enumerate the available filters

void *state = NULL;

const AVBitStreamFilter *bsf;

while ((bsf = av_bsf_next(&state)) {
    av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_INFO, "%s\n", bsf->name);
}
or directly pick the one you need by name:

const AVBitStreamFilter *bsf = av_bsf_get_by_name("hevc_mp4toannexb");

Setup

A bsf may use some codec parameters and time_base and provide updated ones.

AVBSFContext *ctx;

ret = av_bsf_alloc(bsf, &ctx);
if (ret < 0)
    return ret;

ret = avcodec_parameters_copy(ctx->par_in, in->codecpar);
if (ret < 0)
    goto fail;

ctx->time_base_in = in->time_base;

ret = av_bsf_init(ctx);
if (ret < 0)
    goto fail;

ret = avcodec_parameters_copy(out->codecpar, ctx->par_out);
if (ret < 0)
    goto fail;

out->time_base = ctx->time_base_out;

Usage

Multiple AVPackets may be consumed before an AVPacket is emitted or multiple AVPackets may be produced out of a single input one.

AVPacket *pkt;

while (got_new_packet(&pkt)) {
    ret = av_bsf_send_packet(ctx, pkt);
    if (ret < 0)
        goto fail;

    while ((ret = av_bsf_receive_packet(ctx, pkt)) == 0) {
        yield_packet(pkt);
    }

    if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN)
        continue;
    IF (ret == AVERROR_EOF)
        goto end;
    if (ret < 0)
        goto fail;
}

// Flush
ret = av_bsf_send_packet(ctx, NULL);
if (ret < 0)
    goto fail;

while ((ret = av_bsf_receive_packet(ctx, pkt)) == 0) {
    yield_packet(pkt);
}

if (ret != AVERROR_EOF)
    goto fail;
In order to signal the end of stream a NULL pkt should be fed to send_packet.

Cleanup

The cleanup function matches the av_freep signature so it takes the address of the AVBSFContext pointer.

    av_bsf_free(&ctx);
All the memory is freed and the ctx pointer is set to NULL.

ps: FFmpeg給出的例子中并未while循環調用av_bsf_receive_packet，也未對其flush。

https://blogs.gentoo.org/lu_zero/2016/03/21/bitstream-filtering/