本文主要參考 uWSGI的文檔
1. nginx
安裝
sudo apt-get install nginx
啟動、停止和重啟
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx stop
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart
或者
sudo service nginx start
sudo service nginx stop
sudo service nginx restart
2. uWSGI安裝
用python的pip安裝最簡單：
apt-get install python-dev #不安裝這個，下面的安裝可能會失敗
pip install uwsgi
3. 基于uWSGI和nginx部署Django
1.原理
the web client <-> the web server(nginx) <-> the socket <-> uwsgi <-> Django
2.基本測試
測試uWSGI是否正常
在django項目的根目錄下創(chuàng)建test.py文件，添加源碼如下：
# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
return ["Hello World"] # python2
#return [b"Hello World"] # python3
然后，Run uWSGI:
uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py
參數(shù)含義:
-
http :8000: 使用http協(xié)議，8000端口 -
wsgi-filetest.py: 加載指定文件 test.py
打開下面url，瀏覽器上應該顯示hello world
http://example.com:8000
如果顯示正確，說明下面3個環(huán)節(jié)是通暢的：
the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Python
測試Django項目是否正常
首先確保project本身是正常的：
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
如果沒問題，使用uWSGI把project拉起來：
uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi
-
module mysite.wsgi: 加載wsgi module
如果project能夠正常被拉起，說明以下環(huán)節(jié)是通的：
the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Django
3.配置nginx
安裝nginx完成后，如果能正常打開http://hostname，說明下面環(huán)節(jié)是通暢的：
the web client <-> the web server
增加nginx配置
- 將
uwsgi_params文件拷貝到項目文件夾下。uwsgi_params文件在/etc/nginx/目錄下，也可以從這個頁面下載 - 在項目文件夾下創(chuàng)建文件
mysite_nginx.conf,填入并修改下面內(nèi)容：
# mysite_nginx.conf
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
# server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
# configuration of the server
server {
# the port your site will be served on
listen 8000;
# the domain name it will serve for
server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
charset utf-8;
# max upload size
client_max_body_size 75M; # adjust to taste
# Django media
location /media {
alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required
}
location /static {
alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
}
# Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
location / {
uwsgi_pass django;
include /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
}
}
這個configuration文件告訴nginx從文件系統(tǒng)中拉起media和static文件作為服務，同時相應django的request
在/etc/nginx/sites-enabled目錄下創(chuàng)建本文件的連接，使nginx能夠使用它：
sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
部署static文件
在django的setting文件中，添加下面一行內(nèi)容：
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")
然后運行：
python manage.py collectstatic
測試nginx
首先重啟nginx服務：
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart
然后檢查media文件是否已經(jīng)正常拉起：
在目錄/path/to/your/project/project/media directory下添加文件meida.png，然后訪問http://example.com:8000/media/media.png ，成功后進行下一步測試。
4.nginx and uWSGI and test.py
執(zhí)行下面代碼測試能否讓nginx在頁面上顯示hello, world
uwsgi --socket :8001 --wsgi-file test.py
訪問http://example.com:8000 ,如果顯示hello world，則下面環(huán)節(jié)是否通暢:
the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uWSGI <-> Python
用UNIX socket取代TCP port
對mysite_nginx.conf做如下修改：
server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
# server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
重啟nginx，并在此運行uWSGI
uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py
打開 http://example.com:8000/ ，看看是否成功
如果沒有成功:
檢查 nginx error log(/var/log/nginx/error.log)。如果錯誤如下：
connect() to unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock failed (13: Permission
denied)
添加socket權(quán)限再次運行：
uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=666 # (very permissive)
or
uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=664 # (more sensible)
5.Running the Django application with uswgi and nginx
如果上面一切都顯示正常，則下面命令可以拉起django application
uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --module mysite.wsgi --chmod-socket=664
Configuring uWSGI to run with a .ini file
每次都運行上面命令拉起django application實在麻煩，使用.ini文件能簡化工作，方法如下：
在application目錄下創(chuàng)建文件mysite_uwsgi.ini，填入并修改下面內(nèi)容：
# mysite_uwsgi.ini file
[uwsgi]
# Django-related settings
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /path/to/your/project
# Django's wsgi file
module = project.wsgi
# the virtualenv (full path)
home = /path/to/virtualenv
# process-related settings
# master
master = true
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 10
# the socket (use the full path to be safe
socket = /path/to/your/project/mysite.sock
# ... with appropriate permissions - may be needed
# chmod-socket = 664
# clear environment on exit
vacuum = true
現(xiàn)在，只要執(zhí)行以下命令，就能夠拉起django application：
uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file
Make uWSGI startup when the system boots
編輯文件/etc/rc.local, 添加下面內(nèi)容到這行代碼之前exit 0:
/usr/local/bin/uwsgi --socket /path/to/mysite.sock --module /path/to/mysite.wsgi --chmod-socket=666
uWSGI的更多配置
env = DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.settings # set an environment variable
pidfile = /tmp/project-master.pid # create a pidfile
harakiri = 20 # respawn processes taking more than 20 seconds
limit-as = 128 # limit the project to 128 MB
max-requests = 5000 # respawn processes after serving 5000 requests
daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/yourproject.log # background the process & log
