且看它們有多重要,看圖別看我:
誰掌握as、v+ing、with,誰就得練神功。這三個功能詞怎么用呢?且看下文,我只是個搬運工。有需要的朋友,動動你的手指,復制、粘貼、打印。我是你的好朋友曾沐!
文章結尾處有彩蛋~~不謝!
一、as的用法
1.as用作連詞引導時間狀語從句
as與when,while都是引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞,含義都是"當……的時候"。
但它們有區別:
用when時,從句的動作可以與主句的動作同時發生,也可以先于主句的動作發生;
用while時,從句的動作為一過程,主句動作與從句動作同時進行或在從句動作過程中發生;
用as時,主句和從句的動作同時發生,具有延續的含義。
例如:
(1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.
他到達工地時,天正在下雪。
(2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.
他母親做飯時他在看電視。
(3) You will grow wiser as you grow older.
你會隨著年齡的增長而越來越聰明。
2.as用作連詞引導原因狀語從句
as,because,since都可以表示因果關系,連接原因狀語從句,含義是"因為,由于"。
但它們有區別:
because表示的語氣最強;
as一般放在句首,語氣較弱,較口語化;
since常常用在書面語中,表示多為對方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因,有時可譯作"既然"。
例如:
(1) He will succeed because he is in earnest.
他一定會成功,因為他很認真。
(2) Since you are so sure of ithe”ll believe you.
既然你對此如此有把握,他會相信你的。 ?
(3) As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.
因為下過雨,空氣比較清爽。
3.as作連詞引導讓步狀語從句
as與although (或though),however (或no matter how)等都可以引導讓步狀語從句,含義是"雖然,盡管"。
但它們有區別:
although語氣稍正式些,可放在句首,也可放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;
as所表示的語氣較強,引導的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序;
however引導讓步狀語從句時,它的后面可跟形容詞或副詞,也要用倒裝語序。
例如:
(1) Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.
他雖然年紀相當大,仍然每天慢跑。
(2) Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.
這次意外雖然顯得令人不可思議,卻沒有人受傷。
as, though表示“雖然……但是”,“縱使……”之意。
as引導的讓步狀語從句必須以部分倒裝的形式出現,被倒裝的部分可以是表語、狀語或動詞原形,though間或也用于這樣的結構中,但although不可以這樣用。
例如:
Object as you may, I’ll go.
(=Though/Although you may object, I’ll go.)
縱使你反對,我也要去。
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)
盡管他學習很努力,但幾乎沒取得什么進步。 ? Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.(=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.)
雖然他是一個孩子,但他知道該做什么。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book so soon.
縱然你讀得快,你也不能這么快讀完這本書。
(3) However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.
無論他怎樣努力也達不到目標。
4.as作關系代詞的用法
關系代詞as引導定語從句時,既可以單獨使用,也可以與其他詞連用,其用法要比that和which更為復雜。
(1)as引導定語從句與其他詞連用
①用于the same...as結構中
This is the same book as I read last week.
這本書和我上周讀的那本是一樣。
②用于such...as結構中
I don”t like such books as he recommends.
我不喜歡他推薦的那些書。
③用于"so +adj. + a/an + n. (單數) + as "結構中
I am not so strong a man as I was.
我已經沒有從前那么強壯了。
(2)as單獨引導定語從句 as單獨引導定語從句時,先行詞可以是一個詞,也可以是一個句子或短語。
例如:
(1) She is late, as is often the case.
她遲到了,這是經常的事。
(先行詞是整個主句)
(2) To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
對事實視而不見--你們好多人都是如此的愚蠢。
(先行詞是不定式短語)
5.as作介詞的用法 as作介詞,意思是"作為","以……身份"。
例如:
He came to China as a tourist five years ago.
他五年前以游客的身份來過中國。
6.as作副詞的用法 to the same degree or amount; equally "相同地","同樣地"。
例如:
They don”t have as many airplanes.
他們沒有同樣多的飛機。
二、動詞ing形式的用法
一)Ving形式作定語
分詞短語作定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之后;
單個分詞作定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之前。
例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher. Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building. ?
Ving作定語主要表示動作和用途。
1. 表示動作(主動的、進行的動作)。
a waiting car = the car that is waiting
a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
The girl standing there is my sister.
站在那兒的女孩是我的姐妹。
[注意]現在分詞作定語時,它表示的動作是正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發生,如果兩個動作有先有后,一般不能用現在分詞作定語,而要用定語從句。
例如: The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老師批評了打破窗戶的學生。
2. 表示用途:
the waiting room = the room for waiting 候車室
a working method 工作方法
He has a reading room. 他有一個書房。
【比較】
過去分詞作定語:及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動,不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作完成。 ?
例如:
That is the book written by Lu Xun. 那是魯迅寫的書。
He is a returned student. 他是一個歸國的留學生。
不定式作定語: 用不定式作定語,其經常所修飾的名詞、代詞有: meeting, reason, time, way, need, right, chance, decision, wish, promise, ability, anxiety, something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, thing...
例如: We have no time to lose.
我們沒有時間(可以浪費)了。
That’s the plan to build the factory.
那就是建那座工廠的計劃。
(二)Ving形式作賓語補足語
1. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等動詞后常用Ving形式作賓語補足語。 例如:
1) The boss kept the workers working the whole night.
那個老板讓工人整夜地工作。
2) We found the old lady lying in bed.
我們發現那老太太躺在床上。
2. 在感官動詞:
see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役動詞:have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作賓語補足語。不定式(不帶 to)表示過程或動作完成,Ving形式強調進行或當時情景。
例如:
I saw the lady crossing the street.
我看見那位婦人在過馬路。
We heard her sing two songs.
我們聽她唱了兩首歌。
(三)Ving形式作主語 Ving形式具有動詞和名詞的性質,在句中起名詞作用,可作主語。 ? Seeing is believing.眼見為實。
It is no use arguing with him.
和他爭論沒有用。
Ving形式作主語常用于下列句型:
【句型1】It is + 名詞(或形容詞) + 動名詞 It is + no use /no ?good/ a waste of time so nice+ crying there.doing that.
例如:
1) It’s a waste of time waiting here. 在這里等是浪費時間。
2) It’s so nice talking to you. 很高興和你談話。
【句型2】 There is no + 動名詞 ? ?
例如: There is no stopping of him. 無法阻攔他。
There was no telling of the difference. 無法加以區別。
【注意】
① Ving形式和不定式都可以作主主語,Ving形式作主語表示一般或抽象的 多次性行為,不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。
例如:
Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具體動作)
但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必須用Ving形式。
② Ving形式作主語,謂語動詞用單數。
如: Forgetting the past means betrayal.
忘記過去就意味著背叛。
(四)Ving形式作表語 Ving形式具有形容詞和名詞的性質,在句中可作表語。作表語用的Ving形式有兩種:
一種用作名詞,一種用作形容詞。
用作名詞時,說明主語的內容,就此提問時,用what ;
用作形容詞時,說明主語的特征,用how進行提問。
例如:
Her favourite job is teaching English.→ What is her favourite job? ? It is interesting to read such a story. → How is it to read such a story?
(五)Ving形式作賓語 Ving形式具有動詞和名詞的性質,在句中起名詞作用,可作賓語。
He is fond of playing football. I like swimming. 他很喜歡足球,我喜歡游泳。
【注意】①admit, appreciate, avoid,consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand等動詞后可以用Ving形式作賓語,但不能用不定式。
②forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等動詞可帶Ving形式或不定式作賓語,但意義上有區別。
試比較:
I remember doing the exercise.
我記得做過練習。
I must remember to do it.
我必須記著做這事。
I tried not to go there.
我設法不去那里。
I tried doing it again.
我試著又干了一次。
Stop speaking. ?
不要講話。
He stopped to talk.
他停下來講話。
I mean to come early today.
我打算今天來早些。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時。
③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等動詞后直接跟動詞作賓語時,要用Ving形式,如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語,然后在跟動詞作賓語補足語時,其賓語補足語用帶to的不定式。
例如:
We don’t allow smoking here. we don’t allow students to smoke.
④動詞need, require, want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,必須用Ving形式,或不定式的被動式,這時,Ving形式的主動形式表示被動意義。
例如:
The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).
⑤在短語devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel ?like, get down to等后的動詞也必須用Ving形式。
例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love, hate, prefer等動詞后用Ving形式或不定式無大的區別。但說話人有所指的時候,通常用不定式。
⑦start, begin, continue在書面語中多后接動名詞,在口語中多后接不定式。
⑧在should (would) like / love等后須用不定式。
【知識拓展】 Ving形式的時態和語態
1. Ving形式的時態 Ving形式的時態分一般式和完成式兩種,如果Ving形式的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動詞同時發生或在謂語動詞以前發生,用Ving形式的一般式。
例如:
His coming will be of great ?help to us.
如果Ving形式的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,通常用Ving形式的完成時態。
例如:
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
2. Ving形式的語態 主語是這個Ving形式所表示的動作的對象時,Ving形式用被動語態。
被動語態由“being + 過去分詞”或“having been + 過去分詞”構成,后一種一般避免使用。
例如:
He likes being helped.
He was afraid of being left at home.
在to be worth doing 句型中,Ving形式doing表示的是被動意義。
例 如:
The book is worth reading.
動詞的-ing形式是英語中非謂語動詞的一種,它在句中可作主語?賓語?表語?定語?狀語及補足語?
由于這種形式是由動詞變化而來的,因此它具有動詞的一些特征,即可帶自己的賓語和狀語,從而構成動詞 -ing短語?它有時態和語態的變化,也有否定形式及其復合結構形式? ? ?
現以動詞do為例,其變化形式如下:
復合結構形式在句中主要作主語和賓語?作賓語時可用代詞賓格或名詞普通格加上動詞的-ing形式?
一? 動詞-ing形式作主語(通常指一個抽象動作)時,它可直接置于主語位置,也可以用it作形式主語,而把作真正主語的動詞-ing形式放在句子的后部?
例如:
1. Knowing table manners will help you make a good impression.
2. Having a cellphone also makes us feel safer, since we can call for help in case of an emergency.
3. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 4. His coming made us very happy. (復合結構作主語)
二? 動詞-ing形式作賓語?
例如:
1. Having good table manners means knowing how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.
2. Do you prefer living in the zoo or living in the jungle?
3. I really can’t understand you treating her like that.
[注意]
1. 下列動詞后面通常要用動詞-ing形式作賓語? enjoy, finish, stop, mind, suggest, practise, excuse(原 諒),appreciate, keep, risk(冒險), consider, admit, miss(錯過), imagine, avoid(避免), delay(推遲) resist, cannot help等?
2. 在need, want, require, be worth 等動詞(短語)后面常用動詞 ? ?-ing的主動形式表示被動意義?
例如:
The flowers want watering.
三? 動詞-ing形式作表語(常指主語的內容?狀態或性質等)?
例如:
My interests are reading ?novels, playing football and singing songs. ? ?
The film was so moving that we saw it twice.
四? 動詞-ing形式作定語?
單個的動詞-ing形式作定語時,常置于所修飾的名詞前面;動詞-ing短語作定語時則常置于被修飾的詞后面?
例如:
1. English is the working language of most international. organizations, international trade and tourism.
2. The building being built now will be our library.
五? 動詞-ing形式作狀語?
動詞-ing形式作狀語時,可以表示時間?原因?伴隨狀況?條件?結果等?
例如:
1. Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. (時間)
2. Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. (原因)
3. The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. (伴隨狀況)
4. In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries.
(結果) 注意:
1. 動詞-ing形式(短語)作狀語時的幾個特性?
① 時間性?如果動詞-ing形式所表表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,則用一般式;如果動詞-ing形式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前則使用完成式?
② 語態性?應考慮動詞-ing形式與句子主語之間的關系是主謂關系還是動賓關系,據此來確定語態?
③ 人稱的一致性?動詞-ing形式的邏輯主語應和句子的主語一致?
2. 動詞-ing形式前可以加when, while, though等從屬連詞,這可以視為狀語從句的省略?
例如:
When drinking to someone’s health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not be touched. While visiting the city, they received a warm welcome.
六? 動詞-ing形式作補足語?
例如:
1. He found the wall being painted.
2. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. ? ?
通常,賓語補足語與賓語之間有著邏輯上的主謂關系,動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語往往表示其動作在延續或進行中,用動詞-ing作賓語補足語的常見的動詞有:
have, get, send, leave等使役動詞;
see, hear, watch, observe, notice, catch, find, listen to,look at等感官動詞?
當這些動詞用于被動語態時,作賓語補足語的動詞-ing形式就相應變成了主語補足語?
三、with的用法
with結構是許多英語復合結構中最常用的一種。學好它對學好復合賓語結構、不定式復合結構、動名詞復合結構和獨立主格結構均能起很重要的作用。
一、 with結構的構成
它是由介詞with或without+復合結構構成,復合結構作介詞with或without的復合賓語,復合賓語中第一部分賓語由名詞或代詞充當,第二部分補足語由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式或分詞充當,分詞可以是現在分詞,也可以是過去分詞。
With結構構成方式如下:
1. with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞;
2. with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞;
3. with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語;
4. with或without-名詞/代詞+動詞不定式;
5. with或without-名詞/代詞+分詞。
下面分別舉例:
1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.
(with+名詞+形容詞,作伴隨狀語)
2、 With the meal over , we all went home.
(with+名詞+副詞,作時間狀語)
3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。
(with+名詞+介詞短語,作伴隨狀語。)
The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.
(with+名詞+不定式,作伴隨狀語)
He could not finish it without me to help him.
(without+代詞 +不定式,作條件狀語)
5、She fell asleep with the light burning.
(with+名詞+現在分詞 ,作伴隨狀語)
6、Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.
(without+代詞+過去分詞,作為原因狀語) 二、with結構的用法 在句子中with結構多數充當狀語,表示行為方式,伴隨情況、時間、原因或條件(詳見上述例句)。
With結構在句中也可以作定語。
例如:
1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.
2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.
3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.
三、 with結構的特點
1. with結構由介詞with或without+復合結構構成。復合結構中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補足語關系,而在邏輯上,卻具有主謂關系,也就是說,可以用第一部分作主語,第二部分作謂語,構成一個句子。
例如:
With him taken care of,we felt quite relieved.(欣慰)→(He was taken good care of.)
She fell asleep with the light burning. →(The light was burning.)
With her hair gone,there could be no use for them. →(Her hair was gone.)
2. 在with結構中,第一部分為人稱代詞時,則該用賓格代詞。
例如: He could not finish it without me to help him.
四、 幾點說明:
1. with結構在句子中的位置:
with 結構在句中作狀語,表示時間、條件、原因時一般放在句子前面,并用逗號與句子分開;表示方式和伴隨狀況時一般放在句子后面,不用逗號分開。
若with結構作定語,則放在所修飾的名詞之后,一般不用逗號隔開。
2. with結構作狀語時,不定式、現在分詞 、和過去分詞的區別:
在with結構中,不定式、現在分詞作賓補,表示主動,但是不定式表示將要發生的動作,而現在分詞表示正在發生或發生了的動作;過去分詞表示被動或完成。
例如: With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.
(小男孩已領過路)
With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow.
(小男孩明天將領路)He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寢室被關著)
3. with結構與一般的with短語的區別:
with結構具有上述功能和特點,而"介詞with+名詞或代詞(組)"組成的一般的with短語在句子中可以作定語和狀語。
作狀語時,它能表示動作的方式、原因,但不能表示時間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語中,with后面所跟的不是復合結構,也根本沒有邏輯上的主謂關系。
4. with結構與獨立主格結構的關系: with結構屬于獨立主格結構,但在結構上,with結構由介詞with或without引導,名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類所修飾,結構較松散;
而獨立主格結構沒有with或without引導,結構嚴密,名詞前可用可不用修飾語。在句句法功能上,with結構可以作定語,獨立主格結構則不能;獨立主格結構通常在句中作狀語,但也可以作主語,而with結構則不能。
獨立主格在口語中不常用,往往由一個從句代替,而with結構較口語化,較常用。
例如: There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.
("with+復合賓語"結構,在句中作定語)
A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.
(名詞+現在分詞構成的獨立主格結構,作主語)
The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.
(獨立主格結構,表示伴隨狀況或行為方式,作狀語)
Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.
(名詞+介詞短語構成的獨立主格結構,作狀語,表示伴隨情況)。
內容有點多,下篇文章,我將用我們的方式解讀這三個功能詞,我們的目標是最簡單、最有趣、最精準的搞定考點。
另外,想要了解其它在備考過程中,其它內容的朋友,請關注我的其他文章:
CATTI三級筆譯備考日記(一):真正開始看書前,我做了什么?