2020年伊始爆發的新型冠狀病毒（2019-nCoV）疫情是目前全球人民最關心的實事，也是科學研究的熱點。今我們選擇了2020年2月10日，中南大學湘雅公共衛生學院李廣迪聯合比利時魯汶大學Erik De Clercq發表在Nature雜志旗下的 Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 雜志上的一篇評論文章來進行精讀，題目為“Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)”，本文圍繞如何開展病毒防疫，將抗病毒藥物治療2019-nCoV的潛力進行了討論。今天精讀的內容為標題和第一部分引文的內容。
Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)新型冠狀病毒的治療策略
首先我們來看一下這篇文章的標題，Therapeutic options for 是一個常用的詞組，表示某種疾病的治療方案或者治療策略。therapeutic形容詞，解釋為designed to help treat an illness，是由名詞therapy治療轉化而來，副詞形式為therapeutically，常用的詞組有therapeutic action治療作用，therapeutic dose治療劑量，therapeutic outcome治療效果。Therapeutic options?for開頭是一種比較地道的開題形式，在2015年發表在Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol（IF:23.57）的文章標題上也有用了類似的寫法“Therapeutic options in oesophageal dysphagia”。在此我們總結一下文章標題總常用的表示治療策略的寫作表達：Therapeutic Advances and Treatment Options in Metastatic Melanoma（JAMA Oncol 2015）；Coronaviruses -drug discovery?and therapeutic options（Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016）；Multiplesclerosis in 2012:Novel therapeutic options and drug targets in MS. （Nat Rev Neurol 2013）；Advanced-stagepancreatic cancer:therapy options.（Nat Rev Clin Oncol?2013）；Strategy and tactics of treatment of type 2?diabetes mellitus. （Vnitr Lek 2019）；A risk-basedtreatment?strategy for non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas in patientsyounger than 30 years (ARST0332): a Children's Oncology Group prospectivestudy.（Lancet Oncol.2020）。
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1. ① Therapeutic optionsin response to the 2019-nCoVoutbreakare urgently needed.② Here, we discuss thepotentialforrepurposingexisting? antiviral agents to treat 2019-nCoV infection (now known as COVID-19), some? of which are alreadymoving into clinical trials.
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面對2019新冠病毒的疫情的爆發，治療方法的選擇迫在眉睫。本文中，我們將討論用現有抗病毒藥物治療新冠病毒感染的可能性（現在被稱作COVID-19）,其中有一些藥物已經進入臨床試驗階段。
段落分析：本篇的首段以兩句話簡潔地完成了全文的開篇，①闡明了本篇文章的意義，②介紹了本篇文章的內容。
Outbreak /'a?tbre?k/ 解釋為(暴力、疾病等壞事的)爆發，突然發生（the sudden start of sth unpleasant, especially violence or a disease），比happening的程度要更加大，可以替換的詞匯有：eruption, burst, epidemic, explosion, flare-up,
outburst, rash, upsurge。
Potential /p?(?)'ten?(?)l/ 比較常見的用法為形容詞，理解為潛在的，在本句中potential用作名詞,解釋為可能性、潛在性(the possibility of sth happening or being
developed or used)，詞組the potential for / for doing sth。【熟詞僻義】
Repurpose?/?ri??p??p?s/ 這是一個復合詞匯，由re-的前綴加上purpose組成，意義為(為適合新用途)對…稍加修改，略微改動（to change sth slightly in order
to make it suitable for a new purpose），巧妙地將稍微改動一些抗病毒藥物的用途的這個語義表達出來，比change use of sth 要更加貼合一些。
Moving into clinical trials進入臨床試驗階段，相似的表達還有以下幾種形式：These principles are also discussed in the context of the development of
TLD1433, the first Ru(II)-based photosensitizer for PDT to enter a human clinical trial.（Chem. Rev. 2019）；These advantages accelerate the investigation process of endostatin into the clinical trial.( Nanoscale Res Lett. 2012)
2. ① The 2019 novel coronavirus? (2019-nCoV; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has? spread rapidly since its recent identification in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China. ② As of 10 February 2020, 2019-nCoV has been reported in 25? countries across 4 continents and >40,000 cases have been confirmed, with? an estimated mortality risk of ~2%.
2019新型冠狀病毒（2019-nCoV，嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合征冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)）自近期在中國武漢的重度肺炎病人被確診以來，迅速傳播發展。截至2020年2月10日，在四大洲的25個國家/地區已報告新冠確診病例超過 40,000例，估計死亡風險約為2％。
?段落分析：本段為正文部分的第一段，引入了文章的話題，新冠病毒的快速傳播，①引入新冠病毒快速傳播的話題，②以具體數據證實前一句的結論。?
Identification/a?,dent?f?'ke??(?)n/ 解釋為鑒定辨認（the process of showing, proving or recognizing who or what sb / sth is），由動詞形式identify轉化而來。The identification of something is
the recognition that it exists, is important, or is true.是一個用于表達疾病鑒定診斷的地道表述，disease diagnosis、disease detection也有疾病診斷的意思，但是identification多了一層早期鑒定出來的意思，比diagnosis更加符合文中的句意。
As of 重點詞匯，解釋為截至…之時為止，拓展詞匯as of yet截至目前為止。在As of December 2015, there were 937595 ASHAs operating nationally.（Hum Resour Health.2019）句子中也使用了相同的用法表述截至2015年12月，全國共有937595個ASHA。除了as of以外，英文論文中還有一些表述截至意思的詞匯，Less than 20 SCCOPT cases have been reported to date. ( J Cancer. 2019) So far, no relevant literature has been reported. ( Sci Rep. 2019) Until 2010 only sporadic cases were recorded.( PLoS One. 2019) This review covers the literature up to 2017. ( Mar Drugs. 2018) ?By the end of 2009, China had opened more than 500 MMT clinics. (J Public Health (Oxf). 2012)。
3. ①Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat human coronaviruses. ②Several? options can be envisaged to control or prevent emerging infections of 2019-nCoV, including vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, oligonucleotide-based therapies, peptides, interferon therapies and small-molecule drugs.③However, new interventions are likely to require months to? years to develop.④ Given the urgency of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, we focus here on the potential to repurpose existing antiviral agents approved or in development for treating infections caused by HIV? hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza, based on? therapeutic experience with two other infections caused by human coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East? respiratory syndrome (MERS).
不幸的是，尚無批準用于治療人類冠狀病毒的藥物或疫苗。設想可以控制或預防2019-nCoV新發感染的方法，包括疫苗、單抗、寡肽和肽分子、干擾素治療及小分子藥物。然而，（上文提及的）新的干預措施的開發需要數月到數年。鑒于2019-nCoV爆發的緊迫性，本文中我們著重討論已批準或先在研發的抗病毒藥物如治療HIV、HBV、HCV和流感的藥物，以及由另兩種冠狀病毒SARS和MERS引起的感染疾病的治療經驗。
段落分析：本段緊接著上一段對于新冠病毒的介紹，介紹寫本篇文章的目的，以及綜述這部分內容的迫切性和必要性。①介紹目前新冠病毒面臨的無明確藥物治療的困境；? ②-③ 明確了開發新的藥物的缺點：研發的周期太長，也就是為什么本文立足有老藥新用而非新藥開發的原因；④這句話總結了本文中所有要總結和討論的內容，給予作者一個正文內容的總結。
Envisage /?n'v?z?d?/ 解釋為想像、設想、展望（to imagine what will happen in the future），用法為~ sth?、~ (sb) doing sth、it is envisaged that…、~ that…。英文SCI寫作用有許多可以表示設想展望的詞匯，在此整理如下：imagine、?visualize?、?picture?、envisage和conceive of something。Months to years 幾個月甚至幾年時間。例句：It's gonna take months and years to rebuild some of these roads. 而重建這些道路幾個月甚至幾年時間。
Given the urgency of 鑒于…的緊迫性，given放在句首做連詞用，解釋為在...前提下,在...情況下（when you consider sth），given that 之后接句子來表述考慮到…的情況，例句：Usually, I am sensible with money, as I have to be, given that I don't earn that much. 考慮到自己掙得不多，我用錢通常比較精打細算，這也是迫不得已。
長難句分析
?Here, we discuss the potential for repurposingexisting antiviral agents to treat2019-nCoV infection(now known as COVID-19), some of which are already moving into clinical trials.
【語法分析】
句子的主干成分為Here, we discuss the potential for repurposing
existing antiviral agents to treat 2019-nCoV infection，repurpose sth to sth是一個詞組的表達，這里用動名詞結構表示可能的內容。(now known as COVID-19)是對于2019-nCoV
infection進一步進行解釋說明。Which引導后置定語修飾existing antiviral agents，整句話還原就是some
of the existing antiviral agents are already moving into clinical trials。
【參考譯文】
本文中，我們將討論用現有抗病毒藥物治療新冠病毒感染的可能性（現在被稱作COVID-19）,其中有一些藥物已經進入臨床試驗階段。
Given the urgency of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, we focushere on the potential to repurpose existing antiviral agents approved or indevelopmentfor treating infections caused by HIV,
hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza, based ontherapeutic experience with two other infections caused by human coronaviruses:severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS).
【語法分析】
句子的主干成分為we focus here on the potential，Given連接名詞在句首做狀語，表示鑒于…的情況，the potential to后面的長長的一句話都是這個可能性的內容，主要內容就是repurpose existing antiviral agents將現有的抗病毒藥物利用到新冠病毒中，approved or in development定語后置修飾抗病毒藥，指批準的或者在研的抗病毒藥，for treating infections caused by HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza指藥物的用途for引導目的狀語，based on therapeutic experience也是一個后置定語的用法，修飾前面的一整句話，指的是這一老藥新用的做法是基于臨床治療經驗的，省略了which is，類似的caused by human coronaviruses也是一個定語后置省略了which is的用法，修飾infections。
【參考譯文】
鑒于2019-nCoV爆發的緊迫性，本文中我們著重討論已批準或先在研發的抗病毒藥物如治療HIV、HBV、HCV和流感的藥物，以及由另兩種冠狀病毒SARS和MERS引起的感染疾病的治療經驗。
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