1. 句子
1.1 五種簡單句句型:
- 主語+動(dòng)詞
My head aches.
我頭疼。 - 主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)語
Frank is clever/an architect.
弗蘭克很聰明/是一名建筑師。 - 主語+動(dòng)詞+直接賓語
My sister enjoyed the play.
我姐姐喜歡那出戲。 - 主語+動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語
The firm gave Sam a watch.
那個(gè)商行贈(zèng)與薩姆一塊表。 - 主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語
They made Sam redundant/chairman.
他們使薩姆成了超編人員/主席。
1.2 并列句
簡單句+連詞+簡單句
Jimmy fell off his bike, but (he) was unhurt.
吉米從自行車上跌了下來,但(他)沒有受傷。
1.2.1并列連詞
- 另加/連續(xù):and; both...and; not only...but...(too/as well); not only...but(also)...; and then
- 對(duì)比:but; yet
- 選擇:either...or...; neither...nor...
- 結(jié)果:so
- 原因:for
1.3 復(fù)合句
從句是相對(duì)于主句而言的,即它是從屬于某一個(gè)主句,而不能單獨(dú)作一個(gè)句子。在英語中,主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句(包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句)、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)、副詞性從句(即狀語從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等)。
- 名詞從句
- 定語從句
- 狀語從句
2. 動(dòng)詞
2.1 動(dòng)詞變型
序號(hào) | 類型 | 單詞示例 | 用途 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 原型 | work | 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) |
2 | 單數(shù)第三人稱 | works | 單數(shù)第三人稱一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) |
3 | 過去式 | worked | 一般過去時(shí) |
4 | 過去分詞 | worked | 被動(dòng)語態(tài),或做定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語 |
5 | 現(xiàn)在分詞 | working | 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),或做定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語 |
6 | 動(dòng)名詞 | working | 一種名詞 |
7 | 不定式 | to work | 做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語 |
2.2 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化
Infinitive不定式 | Past Tense 過去式 | Past Participle 過去分詞 |
---|---|---|
be | were \was | been |
can | could | - |
do/does | did | done |
eat | ate | eaten |
get | got | got,gotten |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
have | had | had |
hear | heard | heard |
know | knew | known |
see | saw | seen |
write | wrote | written |
其它不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞參見:英語不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
2.3 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)
類型 | 過去 | 現(xiàn)在 | 將來 |
---|---|---|---|
一般時(shí)態(tài) | 一般過去時(shí) | 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) | 一般將來時(shí) |
一般完成時(shí)態(tài) | 一般過去完成時(shí) | 一般現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) | 一般將來完成時(shí) |
進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) | 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) | 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) | 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) |
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) | 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) | 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) | 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) |
2.3.1 例句
|一般時(shí)|進(jìn)行時(shí)
-|-|-
現(xiàn)在時(shí)|I work.|I am working.
過去時(shí)|I worked.|I was working.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)|I have worked.|I have been working.
過去完成時(shí)|I had worked.|I had been working.
將來時(shí)|I will work.|I will be working.
將來完成時(shí)|I will have worked.|I will have been working.
woking: work的現(xiàn)在分詞
worked: work的過去式或過去分詞
was: am的過去式
had: have的過去式
been: be的過去分詞
2.4 不定式和"-ing"形式
3. 名詞
3.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)
規(guī)則拼寫法 | 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) |
---|---|---|
一般加-s | cat | cats |
tub | tubs | |
以o、s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾加-es | potato | potatoes |
class | classes | |
box | boxes | |
watch | watches | |
bush | bushes | |
輔音字母+y結(jié)果,變?yōu)榧?ies | country | countries |
元音字母+y結(jié)果,加-s | day | days |
以-y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,加-s | Kennedy | the Kennedys |
以-f/-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)?ves | wife | wives |
knife | knives |
不規(guī)則拼寫法 | 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) |
---|---|---|
改變內(nèi)部元音 | man | men |
詞尾加-en | ox | oxen |
形式不變 | sheep | sheep |
外來詞 | analysis | analyses |
4. 人稱代詞
|人稱代詞| |物主代詞| |反身代詞
-|-|-|-|-|-
|主格|賓格|形容詞|代詞|
單數(shù)|I|me|my|mine|myself
|you|you|your|yours|yourself
|he|him|his|his|himself
|she|her|her|hers|herself
|it|it|its|--|itself
|one|one|(one's)|--|oneself
復(fù)數(shù)|we|us|our|ours|ourselves
|you|you|your|yours|yourselves
|they|them|their|theirs|themselves
- 指示形容詞和代詞:this/that/these/those
- 不定代詞:some, any及其復(fù)合詞
- 關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, that, which
5. 冠詞a, an, the
6. 助動(dòng)詞Be, Have, Do
7. 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞
很不肯定-->幾乎可以肯定:
might
may
could
can
should
ought to
would
will
must
參考資料
朗文英語語法
英語從句分類與解析